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Enhydrina schistosa. Photo credit: Aaron Lobo |
The first major survey of marine snakes were published by Malcolm
Smith and covered the coastal areas of the Gulf of Thailand and the Malay
Peninsula between 1915 and 1918 and yielded a collection of 548 sea snakes representing
17 species. These snakes were obtained as by-catch from local coastal fisherman
using a variety of fishing techniques. In the late 1930’s and early 1940’s Bergman
reported on another large collection of marine snakes from coastal areas near
Sourabaya (Surabaya, Java). The collections were made by local fisherman between 1936 and 1942, and consisted of 984 specimens representing six species (3 or more
additional species were “disregarded” due to rarity). This collection may
represent the first major collection of marine snakes in which all specimens
from a single coastal area were caught, retained and identified, thus providing
both the species richness and some data on relative abundance.
After World War II the use of mechanized diesel-powered
bottom trawlers expanded in Southeast Asia and as the demersal fish harvest
increased, so must have the marine snake by-catch. This technology allowed for numerous
sea snake surveys that covered very large geographic areas (80,000 to more than 120,000
km2) such as Tonking Bay, the South China Sea, the Sahul Shelf , the
Gulf of Carpentaria and northern coast of Australia, the
Gulf of Thailand, and coastal areas of Borneo. Although many of these surveys resulted
in both a species count and the relative abundance of each species, they lacked
value at the level of ecological communities because the areas sampled were
vast and often ill defined.
Now, Voris (2015) reports on an extensive collection of
marine snakes obtained from a few stationary stake nets in one locally defined area
of about two square kilometers. Each captured snake was identified to species
and tallied over a period of nine months to allow for overall estimates of
species diversity as well as comparisons of diversity between collections from
different stake nets within the area, and between collections made during
different tidal cycles. This survey of marine snakes in the mouth of the Muar River
had two goals. First, it aimed to determine the overall marine snake diversity in
the river mouth. Second, it sought to determine if there might be differences
in species diversity on a small spatial scale.
He found the marine snakes that inhabit the mouth of the Muar
River have adapted to a very dynamic tidal environment that is relatively small
in area and spatially restricted by shorelines on two sides. In addition to the
hourly changes in salinity, turbidity, speed of the current and direction of
flow, the river also varies in depth. Extensive sampling over many months at Muar
revealed an assemblage of marine snakes that included one very common species,
three common species, four rare species, and three very rare species that likely
represent waifs. These collections strongly support the view that the numerical
marine snake species richness for the mouth of the Muar River is eight species.
The
968 adult marine snakes collected at the stake nets at Muar belonged to 11
species in three snake families: Acrochordidae (Acrochordus granulatus), Homalopsidae (Cerberus schneiderii), and Elapidae (Hydrophiini, true sea snakes).
This assemblage was strongly dominated by the beaked sea snake, Enhydrina schistosa, with, E. schistosa and three species of Hydrophis (H. melanosoma, H. brookii, and H. torquatus) make up 98% of the snakes.
Although
the Muar River sample represents an assemblage from only one river mouth, the
eight species observed at Muar falls in the middle of the range of 5 to 12
species recorded in other surveys. Yet, when it comes to relative abundance the
strong dominance of E. schistosa in
the Muar River mouth community makes the Muar assemblage the least diverse of
all comparable surveys. The comparisons highlight the unique nature of the
marine snake survey at the mouth of the Muar River, the only discreet estuarial
location in the world that has been surveyed for relative abundances of marine
snakes.
Citation
Voris, H. K. (2015). Marine
Snake Diversity in the Mouth of the Muar River, Malaysia. Tropical Natural History 15:1-20.