tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32443945206618984052024-02-18T22:44:37.247-06:00Serpent ResearchHerpetological natural history with an emphasis on snakesJohn C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.comBlogger1147125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-56506249283201248902019-11-24T13:57:00.001-06:002019-11-24T13:57:16.363-06:00New skulls and skeletons of the Cretaceous legged snake Najash<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i>Najash</i> is an extinct genus of basal snakes from the Late Cretaceous (Candeleros Formation) of Patagonia. Some modern snakes retain traces of hind legs - boas, pythons, leptotyphlopids, and others. Some Cretaceous snakes also had hindlimbs or remnant hindlimbs, but Najash is unusual in having well-developed legs that extend outside the rib cage as well as a pelvis connected to the vertebral column. Fossil <i>Najash</i> was first found by Sebastián Apesteguía at the Argentine Museum of Natural History and his team in a terrestrial deposit in the Río Negro province of northern Patagonia, Argentina, in 2003 (Apesteguía and Zaher, 2006). The fossils date to roughly 90 million years ago. The skull and vertebral of Najash show primitive features that resemble other Cretaceous snakes, such as <i>Dinilysia</i> and Madtsoiidae. Additionally, several characteristics of the anterior body and tail of <i>Najash</i> and <i>Dinilysia</i> show how the body plan of snakes evolved from a lizard-like ancestor. <i>Najash</i> retained its sacrum (a pelvic bone composed of several fused vertebrae) and its pelvic girdle, which are absent in modern snakes and all other known fossil snakes. Phylogenetic analyses place Najash as an early snake lineage outside of all living snakes.<br />
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Now a new report on <i>Najash</i> (Garberoglio et al. 2019) based upon eight new skulls and three articulated postcrania of the Cenomanian legged snake Najash from Patagonia, Argentina. The genus was previously known from one articulated partial postcranial skeleton and a partial cranium and associated fragments. The new skull specimens include a new and a near-perfectly preserved three-dimensional skull that, by itself, clarifies several long-standing problems on the origin of key features of the modern snake skull. These new <i>Najash</i> specimens reveal a mosaic of primitive lizard-like features such as a large triradiate jugal and absence of the crista circumfenestralis, derived snake features such as the absence of the postorbital, as well as intermediate conditions such as a vertically oriented quadrate. The new cranial data also robustly resolve the phylogenetic position of this crucial snake taxon, along with other limbed snakes.<br />
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The four-legged ancestors of snakes have not been found. The new study suggests that those mysterious proto-snakes probably lost their forelimbs early in snake evolution, at least 170 million years ago. But the back legs stuck around for tens of millions of years.<br />
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That means that hind-legged snakes, such as the <i>Najash</i> group, did not represent a short-lived evolutionary phase. Instead, snakes retaining their rear legs was a successful body plan that survived for eons until most snakes transitioned into fully limbless squamates during the last half of the Cretaceous.<br />
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Apesteguía S, Zaher H. 2006. A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum. <b><i>Nature</i></b>. 2006 440(7087):1037.<br />
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Garberoglio FF, Apesteguía S, Simões TR, Palci A, Gómez RO, Nydam RL, Larsson HC, Lee MS, Caldwell MW. 2019. New skulls and skeletons of the Cretaceous legged snake <i>Najash</i>, and the evolution of the modern snake body plan. <b><i>Science Advances</i></b>. 2019 Nov 1;5(11):eaax5833.</div>
John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-5607248169488971112019-11-04T07:55:00.005-06:002019-11-04T07:55:41.627-06:00A new genus for the snake Erythrolamprus problematicus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i style="font-size: 12.8px;">Arcanumophis problematicus</i><span style="font-size: 12.8px;"> from Santo Domingo, Peru.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Photographs by A. Catenazzi.</span></div>
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The snake <i>Liophis problematicus</i> was described as a new species by Myers in 1986. The holotype was collected at 1520 m on the Amazonian side of the Andes in the Department of Puno in extreme southeastern Peru. This is a very small snake, an adult male that had a total length of 275 mm total length. It has a bilobed hemipenis with nude apical discs, a condition defining the tribe Xenodontini with about six genera of Neotropical xenodontine colubrids. Like other Liophis is did have the ability to flatten the anterior body to form a narrow hood-like appearance. Myers could not say much else about the relationship of this snake to others and assigned it to the genus Liophis. When Grazziotin et al (2012) placed all members os the genus Liophis in Erythrolamprous it became <i>E. problematicus.</i><br />
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During a field expedition to an abandoned mine at Santo Domingo, on 8 June 2016, in the upper reaches of a tributary of the Inambari River near Paco Pacuni, Department of Puno, Peru Smaga et al. (2019) collected a snake identified as the second specimen of <i>E. problematicus</i>. Based on new data recovered from this specimen, Smaga et al. conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Xenodontini with 29 terminals in the tribe, including partial sequences of mitochondrial markers 12S and 16S rRNA of <i>E. problematicus</i>. Their results reject the allocation of the species to Erythrolamprus, recovering it as the sister group of all other members of the tribe.<br />
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Morphologically, the snake is unique. A crease on the rostral scale could reflect semi-fossorial habits but the snake shows no other morphological traits commonly found in fossorial snakes. The new specimen was found in the soil below layers of mosses, further supporting the idea that this snake is semi-fossorial, but other anatomical characteristics of the snake (skull morphology and large eyes), do not support a semi-fossorial hypothesis. The authors placed this snake in the new genus <i>Arcanumophis</i>.<br />
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<b>References </b><br />
Grazziotin, Felipe G.; Hussam Zaher, Robert W. Murphy, Gustavo Scrocchi, Marco A. Benavides, Ya-Ping Zhang and Sandro L. Bonatto 2012. Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal. Cladistics DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x<br />
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Myers, C W 1986. An enigmatic new snake from the Peruvian Andes, with notes on the Xenodontini (Colubridae: Xenodontinae). American Museum Novitates (2853): 1-12.<br />
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Smaga CR, Ttito A, Catenazzi A. Arcanumophis, a new genus and generic allocation for <i>Erythrolamprus problematicus</i> (Myers 1986), Xenodontinae (Colubridae) from the Cordillera de Carabaya, southern Peru. Zootaxa. 2019 Sep 16;4671(1):129-38.<br />
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-30529988022385104262019-08-27T10:55:00.002-05:002019-08-27T10:55:27.064-05:00Pacific Island Anoles<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">Above: Seven species of anoles found on the islands in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP). Top row, left to right: <i>Dactyloa agassizi</i> (Isla Malpelo), <i>Dactyloa gorgonae</i> (Isla Gorgona), <i>Norops townsendi </i>(Isla Cocos). Bottom row: <i>Norops medemi</i>, <i>Norops parvauritus</i>, <i>Dactyloa princeps</i>, <i>Dactyloa chocorum</i> (all Isla Gorgona).</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> There are 435 species
in the genus </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anolis</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (sometimes divided into </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Norops</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> and </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dactyola</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">)
and while they are one of the most heavily studied lizard clades most of the
work has been done on Caribbean species. However, there are seven eastern Pacific
Islands species that remain poorly studied. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The seven species are known from the Islas
Cocos, Gorgona, and Malpelo. Anoles occupying these islands span the extreme
ends of the dactyloid phylogeny and are highly variable in their ecology and
natural history. In a new paper, Phillips et al. (2019) present a phylogenetic
analysis of eastern Pacific island anoles considering the greater anole
phylogeny and estimate the timing of divergence from mainland lineages for each
species. They found two species of solitary anoles (</span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">D. agassizi</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> and </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">N.
townsendi</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">) diverged from mainland ancestors prior to the emergence of their
respective islands. They also present population-wide morphological data that suggests
that both display sexual size dimorphism, like single-island endemics in the
Caribbean. All lineages on Isla Gorgona likely arose during past connections
with South America, and ecologically partition their habitat. They also
highlight the importance of conservation of these species and island fauna in
general.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> They found <i>Dactyola</i>
agassizi and <i>Norops townsendi</i> are ecological generalists unlike solitary
Lesser Antillean anoles. <i>Norops townsendi</i> appears to clearly conform to
this generalization, given that is was found ubiquitously on Isla Cocos in
terms of perch height, diameter, and type. <i>Dactyloa agassizi</i> has
distinctly unique behavioral characteristics that challenge the original
meaning of generalist as applied to the Lesser Antillean anoles. The food web
of Isla Malpelo appears to be very tight given the lack of vegetation and
scarcity of obvious food resources for all the island inhabitants. Everything
seems to revolve around the birds that visit the island, particularly the Nazca
Booby (<i>Sula granti</i>). Any food dropped by the birds, and all waste
products were immediately consumed by all <i>Dactyloa</i> agassizi, as well as the
lizard <i>Diploglossus millepunctatus</i> (commonly called the <span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Malpelo Galliwasp</span></span>) and crabs which congregate around
these resources. The crabs and Diploglossus attempt to capture any <i>Dactyola
agassizi</i> that venture too close, and the crabs will also consume eggs of
all species. Previous observers reported that <i>D. agassizi</i> ate both
insects and seeds, and that individuals would quickly consume potential food
items revealed when rocks were turned over. All <i>D. agassizi</i> departed
from typical anole behavior in being very curious, climbing on, and licking the
observers (clearly investigating food possibilities), never displaying any
defensive behaviors or territoriality. Therefore, insofar as their environment
allowed them, <i>D. agassizi</i> appeared to be an ecological generalist. Isla
Malpelo is unlike most other islands that are home to anoles, so it is not
surprising that <i>D. agassizi</i> departs from the general patterns observed
for solitary Caribbean anoles.</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Citation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Phillips, J.G., Burton, S.E., Womack, M.M., Pulver, E.
and Nicholson, K.E., 2019. Biogeography, Systematics, and Ecomorphology of
Pacific Island Anoles. <a href="file:///C:/Users/John/Desktop/diversity-11-00141-v2.pdf">Diversity,</a> 11(9),
p.141.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-81252252905117244442019-08-26T09:34:00.001-05:002019-08-26T09:34:22.318-05:00Declining snake populations in Costa Rica<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKGiOD97W-eDFFVcFneDeGrt-cVyCGt3nw5zIKRV-BeowEd9npItjxXIwl2l-8J_SDdavVfLw7w5V7EbLvzdijmoasR0lgOdPUZkOxsqcGPdVDZUMLOME_ru5mBouPVWqMcyT8P5tsl8Xe/s1600/IMG1854.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="476" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKGiOD97W-eDFFVcFneDeGrt-cVyCGt3nw5zIKRV-BeowEd9npItjxXIwl2l-8J_SDdavVfLw7w5V7EbLvzdijmoasR0lgOdPUZkOxsqcGPdVDZUMLOME_ru5mBouPVWqMcyT8P5tsl8Xe/s320/IMG1854.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Imantodes cenchoa</i></td></tr>
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Many herpetologists who have done fieldwork over the last several decades have commented on declines in snake populations. Snakes, unlike frogs, don't vocalize, they usually don't congregate for reproduction, and they are quite secretive. Many roads that I use to drive in search of snakes at one time passed through grassland, forest, or desert but are now lined with agricultural fields, housing developments, and industrial parks. Field notes suggest snakes were common on some of those roads 30 or 40 years ago, but have mostly disappeared due to human activity.<br /><br />In a forthcoming paper, Barquero-Gonzalex and colleagues (2019) investigate if reports of decreasing snake populations at Drake Bay, Costa Rica had a real basis and if environmental factors, particularly temperature and precipitation, have played a role in that decrease. The researchers worked at Drake Bay from 2012 through 2017 and made over 4000 h of transect counts of snakes. Using head flashlights and a schedule mostly from 1930–2200 hours, several times every month they surveyed one transect covered by lowland tropical rainforest at an altitude of 12–38 m above sea level, near the Agujas River. We counted all the snakes along the transect; identified species in situ and also photographed them. They found snake counts increase from August to September and then decline rapidly. The May snakes/rainfall peaks coincide, but the second snake peak occurs one month before the peak rainfall; they counted more snakes on dry nights, with the exception of I<i>mantodes cenchoa</i> which was equally common despite rain conditions. We saw less <i>Leptodeira septentrionalis </i>on bright nights, but all other species were unaffected. During the six years, the number of species with each diet type remained relatively constant, but the number of individuals declined sharply for those that feed on amphibians and reptiles. They conclude that night field counts of snakes at Drake Bay, Costa Rica, show a strong decline from 2012 through 2017.<br />
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Barquero-González, J.P., Stice, T.L., Gómez, G. and Monge-Nájera, J., 2019. Are tropical reptiles really declining? A six-year survey of snakes in Drake Bay, Costa Rica, and the role of temperature, rain and light. BioRxiv, p.731174.</div>
John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-7412169750966592022019-08-02T10:45:00.002-05:002019-08-02T10:45:45.710-05:00Studying climate change's impact on a dendrobatid frog<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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There's a species of poison frog called the "strawberry frog" or the "blue jeans frog," depending on who you ask. These frogs are smaller than a quarter, with bright red bodies and navy blue limbs, and they live in shady Costa Rican forests. Or, they did, until humans began cutting the forests to create farmland. These sunny fields and pastures are hotter and drier than the forests, and scientists wanted to know how the strawberry frogs were adapting to their new environment. To figure it out, the researchers built mini temperature-controlled frog habitats to see what temperatures the frogs gravitated towards. They discovered that frogs from sunny pastures tend to seek out higher temperatures than their forest friends -- but the ceiling for temperatures they can survive hasn't changed.<br />
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The project was led by two students working on NSF-funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates, first author Juana Rivera-Ordonez (University of Washington) and Adrian Manansala (University of Guam), and their mentors, Justin Nowakowski (University of California, Davis) and Michelle Thompson (Field Museum). The research overseen by senior author Brian Todd of UC Davis.<br />
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"We're trying to understand what happens to species when we transform forests for human land uses," Nowakowski, one of the corresponding authors of a paper on the project in the journal Biotropica. "For this study, we were trying to understand how strawberry poison frogs that live in these converted pastures handle warmer temperatures in these land uses compared to individuals that live in the forest."<br />
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"We found that if there's an increase in temperature, there may be some ability to acclimate or adapt, but in situations where temperatures change drastically, it may be bad news for them," says Thompson, a conservation ecologist and herpetologist at the Field Museum in Chicago and one of the co-authors of the study.<br />
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"Amphibians are really dependent on the environment for their body temperature -- therefore, they're really impacted by changes to the environment," explains Thompson, who began work on the study at Florida International University. Unlike birds and mammals that can heat their own bodies to a constant temperature (like how humans stay around 98.6° F whether we're in a blizzard or a sauna), frogs are "cold-blooded." To survive in forests converted into fields and pastures, the strawberry poison frogs (aka Oophaga pumilio) camp out in the few remaining shady places like isolated trees and fallen logs.<br />
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"To do this study, we went out into pastures and the forest and measured the air temperature, and we took the temperature of frogs using an infrared thermometer -- it's like a gun that takes the temperature of the frog and the substrate where the frog was," says Nowakowski. "When you go into the forest, it's really much cooler, more humid. In the pasture, you get a taste of what these frogs experience, because it's incredibly hot, and you really want to spend all your time under a tree."<br />
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"The forest has more shade, so sometimes the frogs can be found out in the open, on trees, or by digging through leaf litter. It was harder to find them in open pastures because the frogs have to really find ways to avoid prolonged sunlight exposure," says Adrian Manansala, a recent graduate of the University of Guam and one of the undergraduate authors of the paper. "The fact that our study species is a vibrant red color made it easier to spot compared to other species that might blend in to the environment. Our mentor also showed us the sound our study species makes, so after some practice we were able to distinguish the sound from others and follow these sounds to help us find them."<br />
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After recording the temperatures of 111 frogs in the wild, the researchers caught 32 of the frogs by hand and brought them back to the laboratory for further research. (While some species of poison frogs are dangerous to touch, strawberry poison frogs are toxic if eaten, but safe to handle.) In the laboratory, the researchers delved into a trickier-to-measure metric: the frogs' preferred temperature.<br />
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Since they couldn't just ask the frogs what temperature they like the thermostat set to, the researchers built temperature-controlled experimental habitats using aluminum catering pans, sand, ice packs, and heating pads. "We were using whatever supplies are available in this rural area and MacGyvering it together," says Nowakowski.<br />
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The resulting frog enclosures were long rectangles with a temperature gradient, with one cold end and one hot end. The researchers put each frog into the enclosure for two and a half hours and observed the temperature where the frogs preferred to hang out. They found that the frogs taken from warm pastures chose to spend their time in a warmer part of the enclosure, while the forest frogs preferred a slightly cooler environment.<br />
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But while the frogs changed their preferred temperature, the maximum temperature they could withstand didn't change. To test the frogs' heat tolerance, they placed the frogs in water baths and gradually raised the water's temperature. The researchers stopped at the first sign that the frogs were under stress: no longer righting themselves when put on their backs. (The frogs weren't harmed and were released back into the wild after the study ended.)<br />
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No matter where they were from, the frogs got too hot at about the same temperature. That means that while the frogs can adapt to have different preferred temperatures based on what they're used to, the upper limit of what their bodies can tolerate is a hard line. "It appears that for the time being, this species can eke out a living in these converted habitats using different behaviors to avoid extreme temperatures. But this is all subject to change," says Nowakowski. "On top of habitat change, temperatures are rising due to climate change. We don't expect things to stay at the status quo -- these frogs are bumping right up against their thermal tolerances, and it's unclear whether they'll persist or not."<br />
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The frogs' maximum temperature limit being seemingly fixed makes long-term climate changes more dangerous for them, but Thompson notes that there is hope in the way the frogs can adapt on the short term to habitat change.<br />
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"In the current biodiversity crisis that we're a part of, we have to think of ways to make changes for positive impact," says Thompson. "This is something we can act on. Where habitat conversion cannot be avoided, leaving small pockets of vegetation will let small populations of frogs persist. It shows that people can make a change."<br />
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And in addition to the potential of the study to help frogs and other animals, the researchers emphasize the importance of the REU program the students took part in. "You can learn a lot about science and research in the classroom, but it's really all abstract until you go into the tropical forest or the laboratory," says Nowakowski. "You learn how to develop questions and collect data to answer those questions. For students, it can be really transformative and eye-opening."<br />
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"The REU was an unforgettable experience," says Manansala. "Before this research program, I had never caught frogs or even held one before, so doing this research was a very new experience for me. This program was my first time conducting an independent study and before this, I had never thought of using creative ways to conduct research such as using a tea kettle and buckets of ice cubes to manually control the temperature of a lab trial. This program taught me research skills and knowledge that I still use today and will continue to apply in a future career in science."<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Field Museum. (2019, August 2). To learn how poison frogs are adapting to warmer temperatures, scientists got crafty: Mini habitats made out of catering pans helped show how that frogs can adapt to heat -- to a point. </span><em style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ScienceDaily</em><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. Retrieved August 2, 2019 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190802092422.htm</span></div>
John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-28966621923431115002019-08-02T07:56:00.003-05:002019-08-02T07:56:59.137-05:00SerpentResearch rated as one of the top ten herpetology blogs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">SerpentResearch has been rated as one of the <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-64963096702164117832019-08-01T13:13:00.005-05:002019-08-01T13:13:41.848-05:00New Caenophidian Snake Phylogeny<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elephant Trunk Snake, <i>Acrochordus javanicus.</i> JCM</td></tr>
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In a recent paper Zaher et al. (2019) examine Caenophidian snake phylogeny. Caenophidian snakes include the file snake genus Acrochordus and advanced colubroidean snakes that radiated mainly during the Neogene. Although caenophidian snakes are a well-supported clade, their inferred affinities, based either on molecular or morphological data, remain poorly known or controversial. The authors provide an expanded molecular phylogenetic analysis of Caenophidia and use three non-parametric measures of support–Shimodaira-Hasegawa-Like test (SHL), Felsentein (FBP) and transfer (TBE) bootstrap measures–to evaluate the robustness of each clade in the molecular tree. That very different alternative support values are common suggests that results based on only one support value should be viewed with caution. Using a scheme to combine support values, we find 20.9% of the 1265 clades comprising the inferred caenophidian tree are unambiguously supported by both SHL and FBP values, while almost 37% are unsupported or ambiguously supported, revealing the substantial extent of phylogenetic problems within Caenophidia. Combined FBP/TBE support values show similar results, while SHL/TBE result in slightly higher combined values. The authors consider key morphological attributes of colubroidean cranial, vertebral and hemipenial anatomy and provide additional morphological evidence supporting the clades Colubroides, Colubriformes, and Endoglyptodonta. They review and revise the relevant caenophidian fossil record and provide a time-calibrated tree derived from our molecular data to discuss the main cladogenetic events that resulted in present-day patterns of caenophidian diversification. Their results suggest that all extant families of Colubroidea and Elapoidea composing the present-day endoglyptodont fauna originated rapidly within the early Oligocene–between approximately 33 and 28 Mya–following the major terrestrial faunal turnover known as the “Grande Coupure” and associated with the overall climate shift at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. The results further suggest that the caenophidian radiation originated within the Caenozoic, with the divergence between Colubroides and Acrochordidae occurring in the early Eocene, at ~ 56 Mya.<br />
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<b>Citation</b><br />
Zaher H, Murphy RW, Arredondo JC, Graboski R, Machado-Filho PR, Mahlow K, et al. (2019) Large-scale molecular phylogeny, morphology, divergence-time estimation, and the fossil record of advanced caenophidian snakes (Squamata: Serpentes). <b><i>PLoS ONE </i></b>14(5): e0216148. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216148<br />
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-70158726667018064862019-08-01T12:50:00.005-05:002019-08-01T12:50:38.171-05:00Giant Gartersnake Research<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Thamnophis gigas</i>. By Photo: Dave Feliz, CC BY-SA 3.0, <br />https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25541989</td></tr>
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<b>Protecting the Giant Garter Snake</b><br />
Rose et al. (2019) present work that highlights how the implications of uncertainties and unknowns can be explored by building and analyzing alternative models. We constructed Integral projection models (IPMs) for the threatened Giant Gartersnake (<i>Thamnophis gigas</i>) based on published studies to determine where management efforts could be targeted to have the greatest effect on population persistence and what unknowns remain for future research. Given uncertainty in the survival of snakes during their first year, and in the form of the size‐survival relationship, they modeled a range of scenarios and evaluated where models agree about factors influencing population growth and where discrepancies exist. For most scenarios, the survival of large adult females had the greatest influence on population growth, but the relative importance of juvenile versus adult somatic growth for population growth was dependent on the recruitment probability and the shape of the size‐survival function. More data on temporal variation and covariance among vital rates would improve stochastic models for the Giant Gartersnake. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of IPMs for studying the demography of reptiles and the value of the model‐building process for formalizing what is known and unknown about the demography of rare species.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Rose JP, Ersan JS, Wylie GD, Casazza ML, Halstead BJ. Demographic factors affecting population growth in giant gartersnakes. <b><i>The Journal of Wildlife Management</i></b>. 2019.</span><br />
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<b>Giant Gartersnbake Conservation</b><br />
Most extant populations of Giant Gartersnakes (<i>Thamnophis gigas</i>) inhabit the highly modified rice agricultural regions of the Sacramento Valley, Halstead et al. (2019) evaluated whether Giant Gartersnakes are a conservation-reliant species dependent on the maintenance of rice agriculture and its infrastructure for their continued existence. Specifically, the examined the extent to which Giant Gartersnakes use rice fields, and whether survival of adult Giant Gartersnakes was influenced by the amount of rice grown near their home ranges and daily movements. They found that although Giant Gartersnakes only use rice fields minimally and then only between mid-June and early September, their survival was lower when less rice agriculture was available near the areas they inhabited. Survival was particularly low in early spring when Giant Gartersnakes emerge from brumation but the rice fields are not yet flooded. The incongruity between the phenology of rice growing and Giant Gartersnake foraging requirements suggests that although the snakes are reliant on the rice agroecosystem, rice agriculture is likely suboptimal habitat. Giant Gartersnakes’ reliance on the rice agroecosystem challenges the notion of preservation-based conservation but provides opportunities for win-win scenarios benefitting both rice farmers and Giant Gartersnakes. The study highlights that in addition to land use, the timing of land management might be crucial for conservation-reliant species.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Halstead BJ, Rose JP, Reyes GA, Wylie GD, Casazza ML. 2019. Conservation reliance of a threatened snake on rice agriculture. <b><i>Global Ecology and Conservation</i></b>. 2019 Jun 1:e00681.</span><br />
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-86904202061346315102019-04-16T09:20:00.003-05:002019-04-16T13:22:18.346-05:00Why did the Komodo Dragon survive the Pleistocene extinctions of the megafauna?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;">Sometimes exceeding 100 kg in weight, the Komodo dragon <i>Varanus komodoensis </i>is the largest species of lizard in the world (photo Ruchira Somaweera). (b) Large Komodo dragons in modern-day populations depend heavily upon introduced ungulates as prey. This Timor deer (<i>Rusa timorensis</i>) was actively hunted down by an adult Komodo dragon (photos W.K. Fletcher and Donna Baylis). (c) Komodo dragons frequently walk along the beaches at low tide scavenging beach-washed marine items (photo Richard Shine).</td></tr>
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A new paper by Shine and Somaweera (2019) seeks to understand why much of the world's terrestrial megafauna went extinct within the last 50,000 years, by looking at the exceptions: large-bodied species that avoided that fate. The Komodo dragon (<i>Varanus komodoensis</i>) is tenfold heavier than almost any other surviving lizard species, it is restricted to small islands, and relies on scavenging as well as predation – attributes that doomed other megafaunal taxa to extinction. How did these giant reptiles persist? The authors suggest that the Komodo dragons' survival reflects general attributes of ectotherms (low energy demands; an ability to reduce mean adult body sizes during resource shortages) coupled with features of varanid biology (behavioural and ecological flexibility that allowed utilization of marine subsidies; salt tolerance), the habitat (a fragmented arid landscape better-suited to reptiles than to humans; and with substantial spatial and temporal variation in rainfall patterns and thus productivity), and the history of hominid colonization (when modern humans arrived, they brought with them novel prey [pigs] that blunted the impacts of hunting and habitat degradation). In short, the surprising persistence of the Komodo dragon is not due to any single unique attribute, but instead reflects a fortunate combination of factors relating to the species, the habitat, and the timeframe and nature of human colonization.<br />
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Shine R, Somaweera R. 2019. Last lizard standing: The enigmatic persistence of the Komodo dragon. <b><i><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989419301180">Global Ecology and Conservation</a></i></b>. 2019 Apr 11:e00624.</div>
John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-28341390598182377752019-04-04T13:22:00.002-05:002019-04-04T15:42:52.582-05:00Komodo considers tourist ban to boost dragon numbers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The following is from the Guardian<br />
Authorities are considering banning tourists from Komodo, the island home of the ancient Komodo dragon, to allow for conservation efforts amid concerns over animal-smuggling.<br />
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The island, in Manggarai Barat, Indonesia, is a major tourist destination, with many making the trip to see the lizard which has a venomous bite, can grow up to three meters long and weigh more than 150kg.<br />
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Authorities are considering a temporary closure so they can plant native vegetation and help to restock the dragon’s food supply, thereby increasing the population, reported Tempo newspaper. Dates for the closure have not been confirmed but earlier discussions have suggested it could last a year.<br />
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The talks come amid efforts to tackle the illegal market in endangered species. Police in East Java arrested five people in March accused of smuggling Komodo dragons and other protected animals. Police said the suspects had already sold more than 41 Komodos through Facebook, supposedly for medicinal use. Tempo reported the lizards sold for 500m rupiah (£27,000) each.<br />
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Here be dragons: the million-year journey of the Komodo dragon<br />
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It is estimated there are about 5,700 Komodo dragons in the wild and the lizard is listed as both endangered and protected. They are found in the wild, primarily on the eastern Indonesian islands of Komodo, Padar, and Rinca.<br />
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Komodo is part of the Komodo national park, which also includes two other large land masses and many smaller islands. The rest of the park will remain open.<br />
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Discussions about closing the island have been going on since at least January, when the East Nusa Tenggara governor, Viktor Bungtilu Laiskodat, suggested the park may close for a year to increase the population of Komodo dragons and deer, which it eats. The governor said there were concerns that the lizard’s numbers had decreased due to declining prey and shrinking habitat.<br />
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The issue of how to manage sustainable tourism levels to the island has been fraught. In 2016, a major upgrade of Labuan Bajo regional airport, which serves the 29 islands that make up the Unesco-protected park, meant it went from being able to handle 150,000 tourists a year to 1.5 million.<br />
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Much is still being learned about the ancient lizard, which was only discovered by Europeans in the early 20th century. It was not until 2009 that scientists discovered Komodos have a very weak but venomous bite and kill their prey by infecting it and letting it bleed to death.<br />
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In 2013, two people were taken to hospital after being attacked by a giant Komodo dragon that wandered into the office of a wildlife park in eastern Indonesia.<br />
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-6260832196585534632019-04-04T08:01:00.004-05:002019-04-04T08:01:53.277-05:00Biologists observe a lizard lay eggs and give birth to live young<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> An adult Three-toed Skink. Photo Nadav Pezaro</td></tr>
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Biologists observe a lizard lay eggs and give birth to live young<br />
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Scientists have never before witnessed the birth of live young and the laying of eggs from the same pregnancy. This world-first observation by Dr Camilla Whittington provides a fertile area for research into the evolution of pregnancy.<br />
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In a world first, researchers at the University of Sydney have observed a normally live-bearing Australian lizard lay three eggs and then weeks later, give birth to a live baby from the same pregnancy. This is the first time such an event has been documented in a single litter of vertebrate babies.<br />
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The three-toed skink (<i>Saiphos equalis)</i> is one of only a handful of rare "bimodally reproductive" species, in which some individuals lay eggs and others give birth to live babies. But up until now, no vertebrate has ever been observed to do both in one litter.<br />
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"It is a very unusual discovery," said Dr Camilla Whittington, from the School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney School of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney.<br />
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The three-toed skink is native to the east coast of Australia. In the northern highlands of New South Wales the animals normally give birth to live young, but those living in and around Sydney lay eggs.<br />
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"We were studying the genetics of these skinks when we noticed one of the live-bearing females lay three eggs," Dr Whittington said. "Several weeks later she gave birth to another baby. Seeing that baby was a very exciting moment!"<br />
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The observation was published in Biology Letters today, along with advanced microscopy of the egg-coverings.<br />
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There are at least 150 evolutionary transitions from egg-laying to live-bearing in vertebrates said Dr Whittington, who led the study alongside Dr Melanie Laird, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Otago, and Emeritus Professor Mike Thompson.<br />
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'One of the weirdest lizards': an adult three-toed skink. Photo Nadav Pezaro<br />
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"The earliest vertebrates were egg-layers, but over thousands of years, developing embryos in some species were held inside the body for longer, until some animals began to give live birth," Dr Whittington said.<br />
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"People mostly think about humans and other mammals giving birth. But there are many species of reptile that give birth, too."<br />
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Dr Whittington said that the unusual observation of both egg laying and live birth in a single litter shows that the three-toed skink is an ideal model for understanding pregnancy. "It makes Australia one of the best places in the world to study the evolution of live birth because we can watch evolution in action," she said.<br />
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"Put in the context of evolutionary biology, being able to switch between laying eggs and giving live birth could allow animals to hedge their bets according to environmental conditions," Dr Whittington said.<br />
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This observation helps make the three-toed skink, which looks like a baby snake with tiny legs, one of the "weirdest lizards in the world", she said.<br />
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Further research into this small lizard, which seems to occupy a grey area between live birth and egg-laying, will help determine how and why species make major reproductive leaps.<br />
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-7092967197402149232019-04-01T19:12:00.000-05:002019-04-01T19:12:05.435-05:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Cat Ba Tiger Gecko (<i>Goniurosaurus catbaensis</i>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.8px;"> in its natural habitat. Photo Credit: </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Mona van </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Schingen.</span></div>
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While proper information about the conservation status of tiger gecko species is largely missing, these Asian lizards are already particularly vulnerable to extinction, as most of them have extremely restricted distribution. Furthermore, they have been facing severe declines over the last two decades, mostly due to overcollection for the international exotic pet market. Such is the case of the Cat Ba Tiger Gecko, whose tiny populations can only be found on Cat Ba Island and a few islands in the Ha Long Bay (Vietnam).</div>
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In their study, a Vietnamese-German research team, led by PhD candidate Hai Ngoc Ngo of the Vietnam National Museum of Nature in Hanoi, provide an overview of the evidence for domestic and international trade in tiger gecko species and update the information about the abundance and threats impacting the subpopulations of the Vietnamese Cat Ba Tiger Gecko in Ha Long Bay. By presenting both direct and online observations, interviews and existing knowledge, the scientists point out that strict conservation measures and regulations are urgently needed for the protection and monitoring of all tiger geckos. The research article is published in the open-access journal <b><i>Nature Conservation</i></b>.<br />
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Tiger geckos are a genus (<i>Goniurosaurus</i>) of 19 species native to Vietnam, China and Japan. Many of them can only be found within a single locality, mountain range or archipelago. They live in small, disjunct populations, where the population from Ha Long Bay is estimated at about 120 individuals. Due to demands in the international pet trade in the last two decades, as well as habitat destruction, some species are already considered extinct at the localities where they had originally been discovered.<br />
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However, it was not until very recently that some species of these geckos received attention from the regulatory institutions in their home countries, leading to the prohibition of their collection without a permit. Only eight tiger geckos have so far had their species conservation status assessed for the IUCN Red List. Not surprisingly, all of them were classified as either Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered. Nevertheless, none is currently listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which could be the only efficient and reliable method to monitor, regulate and police the trade of the species on a global scale.<br />
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"Tiger geckos are neither sufficiently protected by law nor part of conservation programmes, due to the lack of substantial knowledge on the species conservation status and probably due to the general lack of public as well as political interest in biodiversity conservation," they explain. "To date, exact impacts of trade on the species cannot be identified, as data of legal trade are only recorded for species listed in the CITES Appendices."<br />
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During their survey, the researchers tracked local traders in possession of wild-caught tiger geckos representing all five Vietnamese species en route to foreign exotic pet markets, mainly in the United States, the European Union and Japan. The species were also frequently found to be sold in local pet shops in Vietnam, as well as being offered via various online platforms and social media networks like Facebook.<br />
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Having spoken to local dealers in Vietnam, the team found the animals were traded via long and complex chains, beginning from local villagers living within the species' distribution range, who catch the geckos and sell them to dealers for as little as US$4 -- 5 per individual. Then, a lizard either ends up at a local shop with a US$7 -- 25 price tag or is either transported by boat or by train to Thailand or Indonesia, from where it is flown to the major overseas markets and sold for anywhere between US$100 and 2,000, depending on its rarity. However, many of these delicate wild animals do not arrive alive at their final destination, as their travels include lengthy trips in overfilled boxes under poor conditions with no food and water.<br />
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Indeed, although the researchers reported a large quantity of tiger geckos labelled as captive-bred in Europe, it turns out that their availability is far from enough to meet the current demands.<br />
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In conclusion, the team provides a list of several recommendations intended to improve the conservation of the Asian geckos: (1) inclusion of all tiger geckos in the Appendices of CITES; (2) assessment of each species for the IUCN Red List; (3) concealment of any currently unknown localities; and (4) improvement/establishment of coordinated ex-situ breeding programmes for all species.<br />
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Citation<br />
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Hai Ngoc Ngo, Truong Quang Nguyen, Tien Quang Phan, Mona van Schingen, Thomas Ziegler. 2019. A case study on trade in threatened Tiger Geckos (<i>Goniurosaurus</i>) in Vietnam including updated information on the abundance of the Endangered <i>G. catbaensis</i>. <b><i>Nature Conservation</i></b>, 2019; 33: 1 DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.32.33590<br />
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-47910544123895273882019-04-01T07:44:00.000-05:002019-04-01T07:44:51.953-05:00Bd and Frog Biodiversity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
An international study led by The Australian National University (ANU) has found a fungal disease has caused dramatic population declines in more than 500 amphibian species, including 90 extinctions, over the past 50 years.<br />
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The disease, which eats away at the skin of amphibians, has completely wiped out some species, while causing more sporadic deaths among other species. Amphibians, which live part of their life in water and the other part on land, mainly consist of frogs, toads and salamanders.<br />
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The deadly disease, chytridiomycosis (Bd), is present in more than 60 countries -- the worst affected parts of the world are Australia, Central America and South America.<br />
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Lead researcher Dr Ben Scheele said the team found that chytridiomycosis is responsible for the greatest loss of biodiversity due to a disease.<br />
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"The disease is caused by chytrid fungus, which likely originated in Asia where local amphibians appear to have resistance to the disease," said Dr Scheele from the Fenner School of Environment and Society at ANU.<br />
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He said the unprecedented number of declines places chytrid fungus among the most damaging of invasive species worldwide -- similar to rats and cats in terms of the number of species each of them endangers.<br />
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"Highly virulent wildlife diseases, including chytridiomycosis, are contributing to the Earth's sixth mass extinction," Dr Scheele said.<br />
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"The disease we studied has caused mass amphibian extinctions worldwide. We've lost some really amazing species."<br />
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Dr Scheele said more than 40 frog species in Australia had declined due to the fungal disease during the past 30 years, including seven species that had become extinct.<br />
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"Globalisation and wildlife trade are the main causes of this global pandemic and are enabling the spread of disease to continue," he said.<br />
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"Humans are moving plants and animals around the world at an increasingly rapid rate, introducing pathogens into new areas."<br />
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Dr Scheele said improved biosecurity and wildlife trade regulation were urgently needed to prevent any more extinctions around the world.<br />
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"We've got to do everything possible to stop future pandemics, by having better control over wildlife trade around the world."<br />
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Dr Scheele said the team's work identified that many species were still at high risk of extinction over the next 10-20 years from chytridiomycosis due to ongoing declines.<br />
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"Knowing what species are at risk can help target future research to develop conservation actions to prevent extinctions."<br />
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Dr Scheele said conservation programs in Australia had prevented the extinction of frog species and developed new reintroduction techniques to save some amphibian species.<br />
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"It's really hard to remove chytrid fungus from an ecosystem -- if it is in an ecosystem, it's pretty much there to stay, unfortunately. This is partly because some species aren't killed by the disease," he said.<br />
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"On the one hand, it's lucky that some species are resistant to chytrid fungus; but on the other hand, it means that these species carry the fungus and act as a reservoir for it so there's a constant source of the fungus in the environment.<br />
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Co-researcher Dr Claire Foster, who is also from the Fenner School of Environment and Society, said the ANU-led study involved close collaboration with Professor Frank Pasmans and Dr Stefano Canessa at the University of Ghent, Belgium, alongside 38 different amphibian and wildlife disease experts from around the world.<br />
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"These collaborators enabled us to get first-hand insight into what has been happening on the ground in those countries," she said.<br />
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The study is published in Science and was supported by the Threatened Species Recovery Hub of the Australian Government's National Environmental Science Program.<br />
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Citation<br />
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Ben C. Scheele et al. Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity. <b><i>Science,</i></b> 2019 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav0379<br />
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-64108943316253829272019-03-31T11:30:00.001-05:002019-03-31T11:30:28.608-05:00A strong male-biased sex ratio in the Aesculapian Snake<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 12.8px;"> Aesculapian snake, </span><i style="font-size: 12.8px;">Zamenis longissimus</i><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">. Photo credit: </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Felix Reimann.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The adult sex ratio in all isolated populations of the Aesculapian Snake, <span style="color: #2e2e2e;"> </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Zamenis longissimus</em> at the northern limit of its distribution was found to be male-biased; this did not apply to the Austrian population, in the center of its distribution range, where the ratio was almost 1:1. A recently published article in <b><i>Global Ecology and Conservation</i></b> shows the sex ratio in the Polish population of the Aesculapian snake clearly deviates from 1:1. The ratio of 4:1 is one of the greatest, adult male-biased ratios when compared to other snake species, (published reports of the male-to-female ratio in this snake has previously not exceed 3:1). Kurek et al. (2019) found the proportion of females in the Bieszczady Mts. has declined in comparison with the data obtained from the same population two decades ago. Those populations harbored no less than 30% of females, unlike the Polish population investigated in 2010-2012, which contained a mere 18% of females; this is the smallest percentage of female Aesculapian snakes yet recorded. One factor causing this may be the lower detection rate of females in field studies. However, the authors tried to minimize this factor through regular field visits and the use of artificial breeding sites (mounds). Even though the research efforts with regard to different populations are not fully comparable – only the Czech population was studied in a similar way. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Population size is one of the major determinants of extinction risk. The authors hypothesize that the stronger environmental pressure on females in peripheral populations of the Aesculapian snake may be intensified by the high costs of reproduction due to the limited availability of suitable reproductive habitats. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Kurek, K., Ćmiel, A., Bury, S., Zając, B., Najberek, K., Babiasz, R., Musilová, R., Baś, G. and Najbar, B., 2019. What has happened to the females? Population trends in the Aesculapian snake at its northern range limit. <b><i>Global Ecology and Conservation,</i></b> p.e00550.</span></div>
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-37953193651956117652019-03-31T11:01:00.002-05:002019-03-31T11:01:58.185-05:00Tiny, new Malagasy Frogs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An adult male Miniscule resting on a fingertip. Photo <br /><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12.8px;">credit by Sam Hyde Roberts.</span></div>
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Scientists at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich and the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology have named five new species of frogs found across the island of Madagascar. The largest could sit on your thumbnail, the smallest is hardly longer than a grain of rice.<br />
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Madagascar, an island a little larger than mainland France, has more than 350 frog species. This number of recognized species is constantly rising, and many of the newly named species are very small.<br />
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Mark D. Scherz, a PhD candidate at LMU Munich, and Dr. Frank Glaw, Head of the Herpetology Section at the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology in Munich, together with colleagues at the Technical University of Braunschweig and the University of Antananarivo have named five new species of tiny frogs found across the island. Their study appears in the online journal <b>PLOS ONE.</b><br />
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The five new species belong to a group of frogs commonly referred to as 'narrow-mouthed' frogs, a highly diverse family found on every continent except Antarctica and Europe. Although most narrow-mouthed frogs are small to moderately large, many are tiny. In fact, the group includes the smallest frog in the world -- <i>Paedophryne amauensis </i>from Papua New Guinea, mature specimens of which reach a length of only 7.7 mm. What's remarkable is that, in the smallest frogs, "miniaturization" has evolved independently -- often several times within a single region, as highlighted in this new study. Three of the new species belong to a group that is wholly new to science, which the authors have formally dubbed Mini. The other two new species, <i>Rhombophryne proportionalis </i>and <i>Anodonthyla eximia</i>, are also just 11-12 mm long, and are much smaller than their closest relatives.<br />
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"When frogs evolve small body size, they start to look remarkably similar, so it is easy to underestimate how diverse they really are," says Mark D. Scherz, lead author on the new study. "Our new genus name, Mini, says it all. Adults of the two smallest species Minimum and Miniscule are 8-11 mm long, and even the largest member of the genus, Miniature, at 15 mm, could sit on your thumbnail with room to spare."<br />
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Finding tiny frogs in the leaf litter is hard work. "Calling males often sit one or two leaves deep and stop calling at the slightest disturbance," says Frank Glaw. "It can take a lot of patience to find the frog you are looking for."<br />
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<b>Citation</b><br />
Mark D. Scherz, Carl R. Hutter, Andolalao Rakotoarison, Jana C. Riemann, Mark-Oliver Rödel, Serge H. Ndriantsoa, Julian Glos, Sam Hyde Roberts, Angelica Crottini, Miguel Vences, Frank Glaw. Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera. PLOS ONE, 2019; 14 (3): e0213314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213314</div>
John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-78112478716061701322018-12-29T12:01:00.000-06:002018-12-29T12:01:21.776-06:00New species of lizards and some lizard stories from 2018<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Lizards in the Gekkota clade made up a disproportionately large number of lizard species described in 2018. There were 55 species inthe family Gekkonidae, 4 species in the family Phyllodactylidae, and one Eublepharidae - for a total; of 60 geckos. Thus, 113 species of lizards described this past year, 53% were geckos. Skinks were next with 16.8% of the species described. Both clades, geckos and skinks, contain the largest number of lizard species. Perhaps most surprising is the description of only one species of <i>Anolis </i>- the largest genus of lizards - with 427 species.<br />
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify; width: 424px;">
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Agamidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Lophocalotes achlios</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Harvey, Scrivani, Shaney, Hamidy,
Kurniawan & Smith, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Agamidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Monilesaurus
acanthocephalus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Pal,
Vijayakumar, Shanker, Jayarajan & Deepak, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Agamidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Monilesaurus montanus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Pal, Vijayakumar, Shanker, Jayarajan
& Deepak, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Agamidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Sitana attenboroughii</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Sadasivan, Ramesh, Palot, Ambekar &
Mirza, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Agamidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Sitana gokakensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Deepak, Khandekar, Chaitanya &
Karanth, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Agamidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Sitana thondalu</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Deepak, Khandekar, Chaitanya &
Karanth, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anguidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gerrhonotus mccoyi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> García-Vázquez, Contreras-Arquieta,
Trujano-Ortega & Nieto-Montes De Oca, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chamaeleonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Calumma juliae</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Prötzel, Vences, Hawlitschek, Scherz,
Ratsoavina & Glaw, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chamaeleonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Calumma lefona</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Prötzel, Vences, Hawlitschek, Scherz,
Ratsoavina & Glaw, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chamaeleonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Calumma roaloko</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Prötzel, Lambert, Andrianasolo, Hutter,
Cobb, Scherz & Glaw, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chamaeleonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Calumma uetzi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Prötzel, Vences, Hawlitschek, Scherz,
Ratsoavina & Glaw, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Corytophanidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Laemanctus julioi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Mccranie, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dactyloidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Anolis dracula</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Yánez-Muñoz, Reyes-Puig, Reyes-Puig,
Velasco, Ayala-Varela, Torres-Carvajal, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Diplodactylidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Oedura argentea</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Hoskin, Zozaya & Vanderduys, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Eublepharidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Goniurosaurus zhoui</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Zhou, Wang, Chen & Liang, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Agamura kermanensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Hosseinian-Yousefkhani, Aliabadian,
Rastegar-Pouyani, Darvish, Shafiei & Sehhatisabet, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cnemaspis ajijae</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Sayyed, Pyron & Dileepkumar, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cnemaspis amboliensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Sayyed, Pyron & Dileepkumar, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cnemaspis anamudiensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Cyriac, Johny, Umesh & Palot, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cnemaspis limayei</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Sayyed, Pyron & Dileepkumar, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cnemaspis maculicollis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Cyriac, Johny, Umesh & Palot, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cnemaspis mahabali</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Sayyed, Pyron & Dileepkumar, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus
bayinnyiensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Wood
Jr, Thura, Quah, Murdoch, Grismer, Herr, Lin & Kyaw, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus
bhupathyi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Agarwal, Mahony,
Giri, Chaitanya & Bauer, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 24;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus chamba</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Agarwal, Khandekar & Bauer, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 25;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus
chaunghanakwaensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Wood
Jr, Thura, Quah, Murdoch, Grismer, Herr, Lin & Kyaw, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 26;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus meersi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Wood, Quah, Murdoch, M Grismer,
Herr, Espinoza, Brown & Lin, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 27;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus
myintkyawthurai</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Wood,
Quah, Murdoch, M Grismer, Herr, Espinoza, Brown & Lin, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 28;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus
naungkayaingensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Wood
Jr, Thura, Quah, Murdoch, Grismer, Herr, Lin & Kyaw, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 29;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus sangi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Pauwels, Nazarov, Bobrov & Poyarkov,
2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 30;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus tahuna</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Riyanto, Arida & Koch, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 31;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus
tanahjampea</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Riyanto, Hamidy
& Mcguire, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 32;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus
thathomensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Nazarov,
Pauwels, Konstantinov, Chulisov, Orlov & Poyarkov, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 33;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus
tripuraensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Agarwal, Mahony,
Giri, Chaitanya & Bauer, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-yfti-irow: 34;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cyrtodactylus
ywanganensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Wood,
Thura, Quah, M Grismer, Murdoch, Espinoza & Lin, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: .25in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 35;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Ebenavia robusta</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Hawlitschek, Scherz, Ruthensteiner,
Crottini & Glaw, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 36;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Ebenavia safari</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Hawlitschek, Scherz, Ruthensteiner,
Crottini & Glaw, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 37;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Ebenavia tuelinae</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Hawlitschek, Scherz, Ruthensteiner,
Crottini & Glaw, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 38;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra capensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Kealley, Doughty, Pepper, Keogh, Hillyer
& Huey, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 39;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra crypta</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Kealley, Doughty, Pepper, Keogh, Hillyer
& Huey, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 40;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra fenestrula</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Doughty, Bauer, Pepper & Keogh, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 41;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra finipunctata</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Doughty, Bauer, Pepper, Keogh &
Ellis, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 42;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra granulum</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Doughty, Palmer, Bourke, Tedeschi,
Oliver & Moritz, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 43;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra incognita</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Kealley, Doughty, Pepper, Keogh, Hillyer
& Huey, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 44;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra macra</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Doughty, Bauer, Pepper & Keogh, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 45;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra media</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Doughty, Bauer, Pepper & Keogh, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 46;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra micra</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Doughty, Bauer, Pepper & Keogh, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 47;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra ocellata</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Kealley, Doughty, Pepper, Keogh, Hillyer
& Huey, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 48;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra paranana</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Bourke, Doughty, Tedeschi, Oliver &
Moritz, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 49;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra peninsularis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Doughty, Bauer, Pepper & Keogh, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 50;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra pluraporosa</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Bourke, Doughty, Tedeschi, Oliver, Myers
& Moritz, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 51;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra polka</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Doughty, Bauer, Pepper & Keogh, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 52;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra pseudopunctata</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Doughty, Bourke, Tedeschi, Oliver &
Moritz, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 53;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gehyra unguiculata</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Kealley, Doughty, Pepper, Keogh, Hillyer
& Huey, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 54;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Hemidactylus
paaragowli</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Srikanthan,
Swamy, Mohan & Pal, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 55;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Hemidactylus sahgali</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Mirza, Gowande, Patil, Ambekar &
Patel, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 56;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Hemidactylus siva</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Srinivasulu, Srinivasulu & Kumar,
2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 57;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Hemidactylus vanam</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Chaitanya, Lajmi & Giri, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 58;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Hemidactylus whitakeri</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Mirza, Gowande, Patil, Ambekar &
Patel, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 59;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Hemiphyllodactylus
flaviventris</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Sukprasert,
Sutthiwises, Lauhachinda & Taksintum, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 60;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Hemiphyllodactylus
hongkongensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Sung, Lee, Ng,
Zhang & Yang, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 61;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Hemiphyllodactylus
khlonglanensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Sukprasert,
Sutthiwises, Lauhachinda & Taksintum, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 62;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Hemiphyllodactylus uga</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Wood, Thura, Zin, Quah,
Murdoch, Grismer, Li, Kyaw & Lwin, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 63;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Hemiphyllodactylus
ywanganensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Wood,
Thura, Zin, Quah, Murdoch, Grismer, Li, Kyaw & Lwin, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 64;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Paroedura fasciata</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Glaw, Köhler & Vences, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 65;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Paroedura kloki</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Glaw, Köhler & Vences, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 66;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Paroedura spelaea</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Glaw, Köhler & Vences, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 67;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Ptychozoon popaense</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Wood, Thura, M Grismer, Brown
& Stuart, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 68;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Trigonodactylus
persicus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Nazarov,
Melnikov, Radjabizadeh & Poyarkov, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 69;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Tropiocolotes confusus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Machado, Smíd, Mazuch, Sindaco,
Shukaili, Carranza, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 70;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Gekkonidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Tropiocolotes
hormozganensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Rajabizadeh,
Faizi, Anderson, Zarrintab & Nazarov, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 71;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gymnophthalmidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Alopoglossus meloi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Ribeiro-Júnior, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 72;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gymnophthalmidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Anadia buenaventura</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Betancourt, Reyes-Puig, Lobos,
Yánez-Muñoz & Torres-Carvajal, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 73;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gymnophthalmidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cercosaura
snordosquama</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Sturaro,
Rodrigues, Colli, Knowles & Avila-Pires, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 74;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Gymnophthalmidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Neusticurus arekuna</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Kok, Bittenbinder, Van Den Berg,
Marques-Souza, Sales-Nunes, Laking, Teixeira Jr, Fouquet, Means, Macculloch
& Rodrigues, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 75;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Gymnophthalmidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Selvasaura brava</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Moravec, Šmid, Štundl & Lehr, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 76;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lacertidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Mesalina arnoldi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Sindaco, Simó-Riudalbas, Sacchi &
Carranza, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 77;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lacertidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Mesalina austroarabica</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Sindaco, Simó-Riudalbas, Sacchi &
Carranza, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 78;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Lacertidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Ophisops kutchensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Agarwal, Khandekar, Ramakrishnan, Vyas
& Giri, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 79;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Lacertidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Ophisops pushkarensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Agarwal, Khandekar, Ramakrishnan, Vyas
& Giri, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 80;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Liolaemidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Liolaemus absconditus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Vega, Quinteros, Stellatelli,
Bellagamba, Block & Madrid, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 81;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Liolaemidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Liolaemus antonietae</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Troncoso-Palacios, Esquerré, Urra, Díaz,
Castro-Pastene & Ruiz, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 82;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Liolaemidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Liolaemus evaristoi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Gutiérrez, Chaparro, Vásquez, Quiroz,
Aguilar-Kirgin & Abdala, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 83;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Phrynosomatidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Sceloporus esperanzae</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Mccranie, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 84;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Phrynosomatidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Sceloporus hondurensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Mccranie, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 85;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Phyllodactylidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Homonota marthae</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Cacciali, Morando, Avila & Köhler,
2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 86;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Phyllodactylidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Phyllodactylus
benedettii</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Ramírez-Reyes
& Flores-Villela, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 87;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Phyllodactylidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Phyllodactylus
kropotkini</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Ramírez-Reyes
& Flores-Villela, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 88;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Phyllodactylidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Phyllopezus heuteri</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Cacciali, Lotzkat, Gamble & Köhler,
2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 89;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Acontias albigularis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Conradie, Busschau & Edwards, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 90;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Acontias
Wakkerstroomensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Conradie,
Busschau & Edwards, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 91;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Carlia crypta</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Singhal, Hoskin, Couper, Potter &
Moritz, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 92;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Eremiascincus
rubiginosus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Mecke &
Doughty, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 93;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Lampropholis
bellendenkerensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Singhal, Hoskin,
Couper, Potter & Moritz, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 94;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Lampropholis
elliotensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Singhal, Hoskin,
Couper, Potter & Moritz, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 95;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Lampropholis similis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Singhal, Hoskin, Couper, Potter &
Moritz, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 96;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Lygosoma
kinabatanganensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Quah,
Duzulkafly & Yambun, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 97;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Lygosoma peninsulare</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Quah, Duzulkafly & Yambun,
2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 98;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Lygosoma samajaya</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Karin, Freitas, Shonleben, Grismer,
Bauer & Das, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 99;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Lygosoma siamensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Siler, Heitz, Davis, Freitas, Aowphol,
Termprayoon & Grismer, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 100;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Oligosoma hoparatea</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Whitaker, Chapple, Hitchmough, Lettink
& Patterson, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 101;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Oligosoma kardesi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Kornilios, Kumlutas, Lymberakis &
Ilgaz, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 102;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Panaspis thomensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Ceríaco, Soares, Marques,
Bastos-Silveira, Scheinberg, Harris, Brehm & Jesus, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 103;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Scincella
nigrofasciata</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Neang, Chan
& Poyarkov, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 104;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Scolecoseps broadleyi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Verburgt, Verburgt & Branch, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 105;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Sphenomorphus yersini</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Nguyen, Nguyen, Nguyen, Orlov &
Murphy, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 106;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Tytthoscincus
keciktuek</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Wood
Jr, Ahmad, Baizul-Hafsyam, Afiq-Shuhaimi, Rizal4& Quah, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 107;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Scincidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Tytthoscincus
monticolus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Grismer, Wood
Jr, Ahmad, Baizul-Hafsyam, Afiq-Shuhaimi, Rizal4& Quah, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 108;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #545454; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teiidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;">Ameivula apipensis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Arias, Recoder, Álvarez, Ethcepare,
Quipildor, Lobo & Rodrigues, 2018<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.95pt;" valign="top" width="16">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 109;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt;">Teiidae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 15.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" width="309">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
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Some of the more unusual discoveries about lizards in 2018 included the following.</div>
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<b>Re-breathing behavior in an the aquatic anole</b></div>
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Video of the aquatic Costa Rican anole, <i>Anolis oxylophus</i>, demosntrated the lizard has the ability to breathe stored oxygen while underwater, something that has never been seen or documented before in lizards. The aquatic anole was caught on video "recycling" stored oxygen, visible as a bubble grew and shrank on its head. The lizard appeared to be recycling her air, much as a human diver would draw on oxygen from a tank. How the river anoles accomplish this feat is still uncertain. </div>
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Some of the more unusual discoveries about lizards in 2018 included the following.</div>
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<b>A new dolichosaur</b></div>
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University of Alberta paleontologists discovered a new species of dolichosaur, a marine lizard related to snakes and mosasaurs that lived 70 to 75 million years ago. Named, Primitivus manduriensis, it was found in Puglia, Italy, and named after the local Manduria variety of red wine grape primitivo. The fossil was discovered in what was once a shallow water environment. The species has paddle-like hands and feet for swimming but could also move on land.</div>
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<a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.172411"><img alt="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.172411" border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="360" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYgiaN6FuP5TqXIeUCOqotHM9C1HBdz3h3S4g0ETqqVm_VB7Hd78ejtwjA3wDIiv08P1CJuFHsshEb8WYTtAelO62Xf0OJkCYtq0WYixD8dG0ednd2Dp06uPDNs6416cGTz3kKN4y881o2/s400/Untitled-7.jpg" title="" width="400" /></a><span id="goog_84955505"><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.172411">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.172411</a></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a><span id="goog_84955506"></span></div>
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<b>Hurricanes and Lizard Limb Lengths in an Anole</b></div>
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<b>Chameleons in the Genus <i>Calumma</i> have Fluorescenent Bones</b></div>
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Chameleons are known to communicate with conspecifics by altering their surface coloration. Munich researchers have now found that the bony tubercles on the heads of many species fluoresce under UV light and form impressive patterns. The tubercles fluoresce under UV light to form distinct patterns that represent certain species or species groups. In addition, the males in most species of the genus Calumma have significantly more fluorescent tubercles than the females. Therefore, the researchers suspect that this fluorescence is not a mere coincidence, but helps the chameleons to recognize conspecifics, and presents a consistent pattern in addition to their skin-based colour language -- especially as blue is a rare colour and easily recognisable in the forest.</div>
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-39105833087194538602018-11-05T10:43:00.001-06:002018-11-05T11:19:10.556-06:00The Significance of the Green Rat Snake, Senticolis triaspis and the tribe Lampropeltini<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The North American-Central America Green Rat Snake, <i>Senticolis triaspis</i>, represents an ancient lineage of Asian snakes that gave rise to the Western Hemisphere clade of snakes we now know as the <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 48px;">Lampropeltini, the kingsnakes, gopher snakes and ratsnakes. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTzbnisjaHZwe7ox0g2fI8O3o12eRwiezQRmdNmWWrwSSs4_ZSH7gLvzUGp7gjhwZpj_U5fR3yhTaE992KOO6_wwaNCcnPOqPuxMWGo6UisGsjXR4ihcbctHsUkIS50kholdcp33fCk3_T/s1600/senticolis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="720" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTzbnisjaHZwe7ox0g2fI8O3o12eRwiezQRmdNmWWrwSSs4_ZSH7gLvzUGp7gjhwZpj_U5fR3yhTaE992KOO6_wwaNCcnPOqPuxMWGo6UisGsjXR4ihcbctHsUkIS50kholdcp33fCk3_T/s400/senticolis.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An adult Green Rat Snake above, a juvenile Green Rat Snake below.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">North America rat snakes, </span>kingsnakes<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">, gopher snakes have attracted the attention of the general public for many years. The clade contained the </span>genera<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Arizona</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">, </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Cemophora,</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Elaphe</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">, </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Lampropeltis</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">, </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Pituophis,</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Rhinocheilus</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">, and </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Stilosoma</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">. Most of these genera were exclusive to the Western Hemisphere. However, one genus </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Elaphe</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> had relatives not only in the Western </span>Hemisphere<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> but in Eurasia as well. They tend to be large, kill prey with constriction, and feed on mammals, birds, and reptiles, as well as other animals. In </span>captivity<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">, they were relatively docile and their large size and docile nature pre-adapted them for the pet trade. However, there is a long history behind these snakes and how we got to the current classification and names used today. One of the members of the group is of particular interest, the Green Rat Snake </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Senticolis triaspis</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> which has been placed in the genera </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Colube</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">r, </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Elaphe,</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> and now </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Senticolis </i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">over the years.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Stejneger (1907) realized the Linnaean name <i>Coluber</i> had been misapplied to the ratsnakes and he chose the name <i>Elaphe</i> Fitzinger (1833) rather than the oldest available name for this group, <i>Gonyosoma </i>Wagler (1828). Fitzinger's <i>Elaphe</i> was based upon <i>E. parreysii</i> Wagler, [today this snake is known as <i>Elaphe quatuorlineata</i>. Boulenger (1894) attempt a definition of the entire ratsnake group, which he called <i>Coluber</i>, on a worldwide basis. He defined this group as sharing: "Maxillary teeth 12 to 22, subequal in size; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Head distinct from neck, elongate; eye moderate or rather large, with round pupil; loreal sometimes absent. Body elongate, cylindrical or feebly compressed; scales smooth or keeled, with apical pits, in 15 to 35 rows; ventrals rounded or angulate laterally. Tail moderate or long; subcaudals in two rows." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cope (1900) criticized this overly comprehensive grouping and recognized five American genera within Boulenger's <i>Coluber</i>, noting that hemipenial structure suggested five genera rather than one. American workers readily accepted Cope's restricted genera and most of the groups recognized Cope were carried over by Stejneger and Barbour (1917) into their first Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles, although many of the names were changed as a consequence of the newly established (1901) International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Thus, of sixteen American species of "<i>Coluber</i>" [=<i>Elaphe]</i> recognized by Boulenger, only seven were retained in this genus by Cope. The other species were referred to those diverse genera currently recognized as Arizona, Pituophis and Spilotes. However, few European workers recognized the applicability of Cope's criticisms to Boulenger's Old World generic groups. For many years these were overlooked just as was Stejneger's (1907) later demonstration of the misapplication of the name Coluber Linnaeus. A survey of the most recent regional works available to Dowling (1958), for Indo-China (Bourret, 1936), Japan (Maki, 1931), Europe (Mertens and Müller, 1940), China (Pope, 1935), and India (Smith, 1943), indicated that the twenty-nine Old World species listed as <i>Coluber</i> by Boulenger have been transferred into Elaphe without any attempt at more restricted generic definition. American workers as well have tended to use Boulenger’s generic categories in dealing with Eurasian species and the few exceptions (Schmidt 1925, Taylor 1922) have not attempted to define their restricted categories except on regional bases. Most workers seemed to agree with Pope (1935) who said, "Although without doubt the species of <i>Elaphe</i> as generally understood are too varied to be included in a single genus, the problem of properly dividing them is a major task because there are apparently no sharp lines of demarcation."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">James A. Peters (1956) pointed out this error in selection of the proper generic name was demonstrated long ago by Fejervary (1923: 169). However, this paper appears to have been ignored by workers in both Europe and America. Malcolm Smith (1943) again suggested that, " therefore should stand as the name of the genus," but did not utilize it in his work since he wanted a stable nomenclature. Mertens (1956) reacted to Smith's proposal to avoid the substitution of the little-known name <i>Gonyosoma </i>for the well-established name <i>Elaphe</i> by requesting the Commission to suppress the former. Peters (1956) opposed this action on the basis that it has not been demonstrated that the type species of these two nominal genera are actually congeneric, and that Mertens' proposal would in effect, "give the surface appearance of solution to a problem that is essentially biological in nature." He would instead "Recommend the usage of standard procedures in determination of the proper name to be used for the genus as currently defined." Although each of these proposals is attempting to stabilize current and future nomenclature in a different way, both have certain undesirable features. Thus, <i>Elaphe </i>contained seven American species and about 30 Eurasian species with a distribution in the Holarctic realm, extending slightly into the Neotropical region (the Yucatan Peninsula and the highlands of Costa Rica), and, as currently understood, through-out the Oriental region while absent from Australia, Africa, and South America. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Keogh (1996) examined morphological characters drawn from soft anatomy, scale arrangements, and the literature to construct a phylogenetic hypothesis for the New World colubrid snake tribe Lampropeltini. The tribe includes <i>Arizona</i>, <i>Cemophora</i>, <i>Lampropeltis</i>, <i>Pituophis</i>, <i>Rhinocheilus</i>, and <i>Stilosoma</i>. North American species of <i>Elaphe </i>are also part of this radiation. A number of Old and New World colubrid species were used as outgroups. Lampropeltini was defined by a single synapomorphy, the presence of an intrapulmonary bronchus which is lacking in all outgroup species and <i>Senticolis</i>. The analysis suggested the following relationships: (New World <i>Elaphe</i> + (<i>Bogertophis </i>+ (<i>Pituophis</i> + (<i>Arizona </i>+ (<i>Lampropeltis</i> + <i>Rhinocheilus</i> + (<i>Cemophora</i> + <i>Stilosoma</i>)))))). The recently described monotypic genus <i>Senticolis </i>is removed from the tribe Lampropeltini and placed in the tribe Colubrini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Molecular work on these Lampropeltini snakes has shown them to be diverse and today 51 species are recgnized: <i>Arizona elegans, Arizona pacata, Bogertophis rosaliae, Bogertophis subocularis, Cemophora coccinea, Cemophora lineri, Lampropeltis abnorma, Lampropeltis alterna, Lampropeltis annulata, Lampropeltis californiae, Lampropeltis calligaster, Lampropeltis catalinensis, Lampropeltis elapsoides, Lampropeltis extenuata, Lampropeltis gentilis, Lampropeltis getula, Lampropeltis greeri, Lampropeltis holbrooki, Lampropeltis knoblochi, Lampropeltis leonis, Lampropeltis mexicana, Lampropeltis micropholis, Lampropeltis nigra, Lampropeltis polyzona, Lampropeltis pyromelana, Lampropeltis ruthveni, Lampropeltis splendida, Lampropeltis triangulum, Lampropeltis webbi, Lampropeltis zonata, Pantherophis alleghaniensis, Pantherophis bairdi, Pantherophis emoryi, Pantherophis guttatus, Pantherophis obsoletus, Pantherophis ramspotti,Pantherophis slowinskii, Pantherophis spiloides, Pantherophis vulpinus, Pituophis catenifer, Pituophis deppei, Pituophis insulanus, Pituophis lineaticollis, Pituophis melanoleucus, Pituophis ruthveni, Pituophis vertebralis, Pseudelaphe flavirufa, Pseudelaphe phaescens, Rhinocheilus antonii, Rhinocheilus etheridgei, Rhinocheilus lecontei</i>, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dowling and Fries (1987) erected the genus <i>Senticolis</i> for <i>Elaphe triaspis</i> Cope 1866. This species ranges from southern Arizona and southwest New Mexico, southward to Mexico- eastern Sonora, Nuevo León, W Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Morelos, Oaxaca, Aguascalientes, Tamaulipas, Quéretaro, Guanajuato; and southward to Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica. The species has three recognized subspecies: <i>S. t.</i> <i>triaspis</i> Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Mexico, and Belize. <i>S t. intermedia</i> inhabits S Arizona, SW New Mexico, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, Veracruz, Puebla, Hidalgo, southern Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, and Queretaro. And <i>S. t. mutabilis</i> occurs in in Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Collectively they are called the Lampropeltini. Keough (1996) found the Lampropeltini could be defined by a single synapomorphy, the presence of an intrapulmonary bronchus (a bronchial branch that is located within the lung tissue). All the outgroups lacked the intrapulmonary bronchus and so did <i>Senticolis</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pyron and Burbrink (2009b) show that the Green Rat Snake, <i>Senticolis </i>is the sister to all of the other Lampropeltini, and that its ancestor immigrated to North America in the Oligocene from Asia about 23 million years ago.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>Literature Cited</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Boulenger GA. 1894. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, xi, 382 pp.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bourret R. 1936. Les Serpentes de l'Indo- chine. Tome II. Toulouse: 505 pp., 189 figs.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Burbrink FT, Pyron RA. 2010.How does ecological opportunity influence rates of speciation, extinction, and morphological diversification in New World ratsnakes (tribe Lampropeltini). Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution. 2010 Apr;64(4):934-43.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cope ED. 1900. The Crocodilians, Lizards and Snakes of North America. Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898: 153-1270, 36 pls.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dowling HG, Fries I. 1987. A taxonomic study of the ratsnakes. VIII. A proposed new genus for <i>Elaphe triaspis</i> (Cope). Herpetologica 43: 200-207.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Fejervary GJ v. 1923. Nomenklatorische Re- vision einigen Schlangengattungsnamen. Zool. Anz, 56: 164-73.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Keogh JS. 1996. Evolution of the colubrid snake tribe Lampropeltini: a morphological perspective. Herpetologica. 406-16.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Maki M. 1931. Monograph of the Snakes in Japan. Tokyo: 240.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mertens R. 1956. Proposed Use of the Plenary Powers to Preserve the Generic Name "Elaphe" Fitzinger, 1833 (Class Reptilia). Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 11(11): 347-48.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mertens R, Müller L. 1940. Die am- phibien und Reptilien Europas. Abh. Senckenbergischen Naturf. Ges., (451): 1-56.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pope CH. 1935. The Reptiles of China: Turtles, Crocodilians, Snakes, Lizards. Nat. Hist. Cent. Asia, 10: xvii + 604, 25 pls., 78 figs.<span style="background: white; color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Peters J A. 1956. Comments on the Proposed Validation of Elaphe Fitzinger (Class Reptilia), as Presented by Dr. Robert Mer- tens. Mimeo copy.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pyron RA, Burbrink FT. 2009a. Can the tropical conservatism hypothesis explain temperate species richness patterns? An inverse latitudinal biodiversity gradient in the New World snake tribe Lampropeltini. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 2009 Jul;18(4):406-15.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pyron RA, Burbrink FT. 2009b. Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2009 Aug 1;52(2):524-9.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Smith MA. 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Subregion. Reptilia and Amphibia. III. Serpentes. Taylor and Francis, Ltd., London: xii + 583, 166 figs., 1 map.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Stejneger L. 1907. Herpetology of Japan and Adjacent Territory. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. (58): 1-577, 35 pl., 409 figs.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Stejneger LH, Barbour T. 1917. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 4: i-iv, 1-125.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Taylor EH. 1922. Snakes of the Philippine Islands. Bureau of Science, Manila. Publ. 16: 269 pp., 37 pls., 32 figs.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-12675970410365493682018-11-05T06:28:00.001-06:002018-11-05T06:39:57.359-06:00Chironius phylogeny<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chironius carinatus. JCM</td></tr>
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The Neotropical snakes often referred to sipo snakes belong to the genus Chironius. These are large diurnal snakes with a long tail and big eyes that differ from other Neotropical snakes in having only 10 or 12 dorsal scale rows at midbody. Currently, 22 species range from Central America southward to Uruguay and northeastern Argentina.<br />
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Based on the largest geographical sampling to date including ∼90% of all species, Torres-Carvajal et al (2018) analyzed one nuclear and three mitochondrial genes using phylogenetic methods to (1) test the monophyly of Chironius and some of its widely distributed species; (2) identify lineages that could represent undescribed species; and (3) reconstruct ancestral distributions. The authors' best hypothesis placed <i>C. grandisquamis </i>(Chocoan Rainforest) + C. challenger (Pantepui) as sister to all other species. Based on phylogeny and geographic distribution, we identified 14 subclades as putative species within <i>Chironius fuscus</i>, <i>C. multiventris </i>(including <i>C. foveatus</i> and <i>C. laurenti</i>), <i>C. monticola</i>, and <i>C. exoletus</i>. Under current taxonomy, these species show nearly twice as much genetic diversity as other species of Chironius for ND4. Biogeographical analyses using BioGeoBEARS suggest that current distribution patterns of Chironius species across South America resulted from multiple range expansions. The MRCA of the clade <i>C. challenger</i> + <i>C. grandisquamis</i> was most likely distributed over the Pantepui region, the Andes, and the Chocoan Rainforest, whereas the remaining lineages probably evolved from an Amazonian ancestor.<br />
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<b>Citation</b><br />
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Torres-Carvajal O, Echevarría LY, Lobos SE, Venegas PJ, Kok PJ. Phylogeny, diversity and biogeography of Neotropical sipo snakes (Serpentes: Colubrinae: <i>Chironius</i>). <b>Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.</b> 2018 Oct 24.</div>
John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-29843851129520232232018-06-20T10:39:00.002-05:002018-06-20T10:39:13.363-05:00New snail-eating snakes from Ecuador<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;">Photographs of some species of <i>Dipsas</i> in life: a <i>D. andiana</i> MZUTI<br /> 5413 from Bilsa, province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador b <i>D. andiana<br /> </i>from Mindo, province of Pichincha, Ecuador c <i>D. bobridgelyi </i>MZUTI 5414 from Buenaventura, Province of El Oro, Ecuador <br />d <i>D. catesbyi</i> from Gareno, province of Napo, Ecuador e <i>D. catesbyi<br /> </i>from Gareno, province of Napo, Ecuador f <i>D. elegans</i> from <br />Calacalí–Mindo, province of Pichincha, Ecuador g <i>D. ellipsifera</i> <br />from Pimampiro, province of Imbabura, Ecuador h <i>D. gracilis</i> <br />from Canandé, province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador i <i>D. gracilis</i> <br />from Mashpi, province of Pichincha, Ecuador j <i>D. indica</i> from <br />Gareno, province of Napo, Ecuador k <i>D. jamespetersi</i> AMARU <br />1123 from province of Azuay, Ecuador l <i>D. klebbai</i> from El Chaco, <br />province of Napo, Ecuador m <i>D. klebbai </i>from El Chaco, province <br />of Napo, Ecuador n <i>D. latifrontalis</i> from San Isidro, state of <br />Mérida, Venezuela o <i>D. oligozonata</i> from Poetate, province of <br />Azuay, Ecuador p D. oreas MZUTI 5414 from Buenaventura, <br />province of El Oro, Ecuador q <i>D. oreas </i>from Poetate–Corraleja, <br />province of Azuay, Ecuador r <i>D. palmeri </i>from Agoyán, province<br /> of Tungurahua, Ecuador s D. palmeri MZUTI 4975 from Reserva<br /> San Francisco, province of Zamora, Ecuador t<i> D. pavonina</i> from<br /> Maycu, province of Zamora, Ecuador u <i>D. temporalis</i> from <br />Colombia v <i>D. variegata </i>from Gareno, province of Napo, Ecuador<br /> w<i> D. vermiculata</i> from Miazi, province of Zamora, Ecuador, and <br />x <i>D. vermiculata </i>from Narupa, province of Napo, Ecuador.</td></tr>
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In a recently published paper, Arteaga et al. (2018) present a molecular phylogeny of the Neotropical snail-eating snakes (tribe Dipsadini) that included 43 (24 for the first time) of the 77 species, sampled for both nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Morphological and phylogenetic support was found for four new species of Dipsas and one of <i>Sibon</i>, which are described here based on their unique combination of molecular, meristic, and color pattern characteristics. <i>Sibynomorphus</i> is designated as a junior subjective synonym of<i> Dipsas</i>. <i>Dipsas latifrontalis </i>and <i>D. palmeri</i> are resurrected from the synonymy of <i>D. peruana</i>. <i>Dipsas latifasciata</i> is transferred from the synonymy of <i>D. peruana</i> to the synonymy of <i>D. palmeri</i>. A new name, <i>D. jamespetersi,</i> is erected for the taxon currently known as <i>Sibynomorphus petersi</i>. Re-descriptions of <i>D. latifrontalis </i>and <i>D. peruana</i> are presented, as well as the first photographic voucher of an adult specimen of <i>D. latifrontalis</i>, along with photographs of all known Ecuadorian Dipsadini species. The first country record of <i>D. variegata </i>in Ecuador is provided and <i>D. oligozonata</i> removed from the list of Peruvian herpetofauna. With these changes, the number of Dipsadini reported in Ecuador increases to 22, 18 species of <i>Dipsas</i> and four of <i>Sibon</i>.<br />
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Citation<br />
Arteaga A, Salazar-Valenzuela D, Mebert K, Peñafiel N, Aguiar G, Sánchez-Nivicela JC, Pyron RA, Colston TJ, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Yánez-Muñoz MH, Venegas PJ. 2018. Systematics of South American snail-eating snakes (Serpentes, Dipsadini), with the description of five new species from Ecuador and Peru. <b><i><a href="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=24523">ZooKeys</a></i></b>, Jun 14,766:79.<br />
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-56702923318991974872018-06-15T07:26:00.003-05:002018-06-15T07:26:51.032-05:00Reptile populations in decline<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Living Planet Index (LPI) is a measure of the state of the world's biological diversity based on population trends of vertebrate species from terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats. The LPI has been adopted by the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) as an indicator of progress towards its 2011-2020 target to 'take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity. The LPI is based on trends of thousands of population time series collected from monitored sites around the world. This online portal allows registered participants to search for and contribute data. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The LPI a global biodiversity indicator, built from aggregated abundance trends of vertebrate species populations, and is used to communicate biodiversity trends and monitor progress toward the Aichi Biodiversity Targets set by the Convention on Biological Diversity. The index aggregates individual time series of vertebrate population sizes or proxies from around the world to track average changes in abundance through time; it does this by averaging the change in abundance of species over time and conventionally begins in 1970. This method has also been applied to produce LPIs by biogeographic realm and at regional and national scales (e.g., Mediterranean wetland species; Arctic vertebrates). Furthermore, the LPI has been used to investigate the effectiveness of conservation management by measuring species abundance trends in protected areas across Africa and to test policy scenarios.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Underlying the LPI is a database containing over 18,000 population time series from more than 3,600 species. Reptiles are represented by 194 species and 549 population time series within the database: this equates to 1.85% of all described reptile species as of August 2016 and 6% of described vertebrates. Taxonomic coverage in the database is a consequence of the approach to data collection. Because the database is populated using data available in the public domain, the content is neither completely random, as it is subject to biases inherent in ecological and conservation literature, nor is it targeted, as the aim is to collect all of the available data on any vertebrate species from as broad a geographic coverage as possible. Coupled with this is the temporal disparity among the monitored populations in the database—population time series cover a large range of time periods, from 2–70 yr. Any indicators produced from this database require an understanding of the taxonomic, geographic, and temporal representation of the underlying data. Bias is inherent in global biodiversity databases but can be dealt with if impacts of biases on biodiversity indicators such as the LPI are recognized and corrected where possible.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In a forthcoming article in the <a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1670/17-076">Journal of Herpetology</a>, Saha et al. (2018) investigate global population trends and data gaps for reptiles using the LPI method. This represents the first time the LPI has been used to analyze in detail the global trends for a particular taxon. The authors analyze trends in reptile populations over time globally and in taxonomic and spatial subsets of the data. Saha et al. identify data gaps by examining the taxonomic and geographic representativeness of the data set and test for bias toward threatened species. They also assess the sources and quality (completeness and length) of reptile population time series to provide suggestions for reptile monitoring and conservation and establish priorities for expanding the current reptile data set.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Using data for 549 reptile populations representing 194 species from the Living Planet database, we provide the first detailed analysis of this database for a specific taxonomic group. We estimated an average global decline in reptile populations of 54–55% between 1970 and 2012. Disaggregated indices at taxonomic, system and biogeographical levels showed trends of decline, often with wide confidence intervals because of a prevalence of short time series. We assessed gaps in our reptile time-series data and examined what types of publication they primarily originated from to provide an overview of the range of data sources captured in the Living Planet database. Data were biased toward crocodilians and chelonians, with only 1% and 2% of known lizard and snake species represented, respectively. Population time-series data stemmed primarily from published ecological research (squamates) and data collected for conservation management (chelonians and crocodilians). We recommend exploration of novel survey and analytical techniques to increase monitoring of reptiles, especially squamates, over time. Open access publication and sharing of data sets are vital to improving knowledge of reptile status and trends, aided by the provision of properly curated databases and data-sharing agreements. Such collaborative efforts are vital to effectively address global reptile declines.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Saha A, McRae L, Dodd CK, Gadsden H, Hare KM, Lukoschek V, Bohm M. 2018. Tracking Global Population Trends: Population Time-Series Data and a Living Planet Index for Reptiles. <b><i>Journal of Herpetology</i></b> 52(3):259-268.</span></div>
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-14894376651077250802018-06-12T20:50:00.001-05:002018-06-12T20:50:34.365-05:00Oldest known lizard<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A team of international scientists, including paleontologists from Bristol University, Midwestern University (Arizona) and the University of Alberta, have described the world’s oldest known lizard fossil, permitting fresh insight into the evolution of extant snakes and lizards, the Squamata. Writing in the journal Nature, the researchers, including co-author Dr Massimo Bernardi from MUSE – Science Museum, Italy and University of Bristol’s School of Earth Sciences, built the largest dataset of reptiles ever assembled in order to assess where in the evolutionary tree of the Reptilia a fossil from the Dolomites of Italy should be placed.<br />
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The fossil, consisting of an articulated partial specimen was discovered in marine sediments in the Dolomites of Italy and named <i>Megachirella wachtleri</i> in 2003. Although found in marine sediment, the fossil, which represented the front portion of the animal, showed no adaptations to an aquatic existence. On the contrary, it had strong legs with claws and although small at around twenty centimeters in length, it was probably a capable climber. It was concluded that the carcass of this reptile had been washed out to sea following a storm.<br />
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An analysis in 2013 concluded that <i>Megachirella wachtleri </i>was a member of the Lepidosauromorpha, a group of diapsid reptiles defined as being closer to Squamata than to the Archosauria. Lepidosaurs include modern snakes and lizards, many extinct forms of reptile and the Order Rhynchocephalia, once very diverse, but now only represented by the tuatara of New Zealand. This new research, which drew upon an enormous database of skeletal and molecular information about 129 different types of reptile, revealed that Megachirella had characteristics that are only found in the Squamata. It was concluded that <i>M. wachtleri</i> was a stem squamate – think of it as being the “the mother of all dragons”.<br />
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Co-author Dr Randall Nydam of the Midwestern University in Arizona stated: “At first I did not think <i>Megachirella</i> was a true lizard, but the empirical evidence uncovered in this study is substantial and can lead to no other conclusion.”<br />
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The 240-million-year-old fossil, <i>Megachirella wachtleri</i>, is the most ancient ancestor of all modern lizards and snakes discovered to date. The study also found that geckoes are the earliest crown group squamates, not iguanians as previously thought.<br />
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The research team concludes that the Squamata probably evolved in the Late Permian and therefore, the ancestors of today’s snakes and lizards survived the most devastating mass extinction event known to science – the end Permian extinction.<br />
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Tiago Simões, lead author of the scientific paper and a PhD student at the University of Alberta (Canada), explained:<br />
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“The specimen is 75 million years older than what we thought were the oldest fossil lizards in the entire world and provides valuable information for understanding the evolution of both living and extinct squamates.”<br />
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There are more than 10,300 described species of squamates living today, twice as many different species as mammals. Despite this modern diversity, scientists did not know much about the early stages of their evolution.<br />
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Simões added: “It is extraordinary when you realize you are answering long-standing questions about the origin of one of the largest groups of vertebrates on Earth.”<br />
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Co-author of the study, Dr Michael Caldwell from the University of Alberta, explained that fossils represent the only accurate window into the ancient story of life on our planet. The new understanding about Megachirella and its significance is but a point in deep geological time, it does tell us things about the evolution of lizards that we simply cannot learn from any of the extant species today.<br />
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Co-author Dr Massimo Bernardi from MUSE – Science Museum, Italy and University of Bristol’s School of Earth Sciences, commented upon the importance of such fossil specimens, stating:<br />
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“This is the story of the re-discovery of a specimen and highlights the importance of preserving naturalistic specimens in well maintained, publicly accessible collections.”<br />
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<b>Citation</b><br />
Simões TR, Caldwell MW, Tałanda M, Bernardi M, Palci A, Vernygora O, Bernardini F, Mancini L, Nydam RL. 2018. The origin of squamates revealed by a Middle Triassic lizard from the Italian Alps. <b><i>Nature</i></b> 557(7707):706.<br />
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-21892071348392456582018-06-07T15:22:00.002-05:002018-06-07T15:22:20.236-05:00Indian Egg-eating Snake - is not related to African Egg-Eating snakes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Two genera of colubroid snakes are known to swallow eggs whole, slit the shell, swallow the contents of the egg, and spit out the remains of the shell. In Africa, there are 13 species of egg-eating snakes of the Genus Dasypeltis. In India, there is one species in the genus <i>Elachistodon</i>, the Indian Egg-eater, <i>Elachistodon westermanni.</i> Because of their similar diet and morphological adaptations and the shared biogeographic history between the Indian sub-continent and the continent of Africa it has long been assumed that the two genera shared a common ancestor. Mohan et al. (2018) amplified three mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene from <i>E. westermanni</i> and reconstructed molecular phylogeny utilizing published sequences to understand the evolutionary relationships between the African, and the Indian egg-eating snakes. They used morphological characters to reinforce our inferences on phylogenetic relationships. Surprisingly, they show that the Indian egg-eater is sister to cat snakes of the Genus <i>Boiga</i>, and it does not share recent ancestry with the African egg-eating snakes. Morphological character states point at similarities between <i>Elachistodon</i> and <i>Dasypeltis</i> only in characters associated with their feeding behavior. <i>Elachistodon westermanni </i>was similar to the Boiga spp. in several other morphological characters, and they provisionally assign <i>E. westermanni </i>under the genus <i>Boiga</i>. Compilation of records of <i>E. westermanni</i> across the Indian subcontinent over the years revealed a positive “Lazarus” effect. The authors conclude that the egg-eating behavior and the associated morphological characters in the snake genera <i>Dasypeltis</i> and <i>Elachistodon </i>are a result of convergent evolution. Based on the conservation status of <i>E. westermanni</i>, it could serve as a flagship species to conserve important wildlife habitats that are being lost rapidly in India.<br />
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<b>Citation</b><br />
Mohan AV, Visvanathan AC, Vasudevan K. 2018. Phylogeny and conservation status of the Indian egg-eater snake, <i>Elachistodon westermanni</i> Reinhardt, 1863 (Serpentes, Colubridae). Amphibia-Reptilia 2018 May 31.<br />
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-53878002298198640432018-06-06T19:56:00.001-05:002018-06-06T19:56:11.935-05:00China’s Giant Salamanders are gone from the wild<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Chinese Giant Salamander, <i>Andrias davidianus</i> (Blanchard, 1871), is the largest amphibians living today and may exceed more than one metre in length. It is widespread in central, south-western and southern China, although its range is now very fragmented. It occurs from 100–1,500 m ASL. Old records of the species in Taiwan may be the result of introductions from the mainland. <i>Andrias davidianus </i>inhabits large hill streams, usually in forested areas. Females lay approximately 500 eggs in a string in an submerged burrow or cavity that is occupied by a male. Eggs are fertilized externally and are guarded by the male during the 50-60 day incubation period. Larvae then develop in the streams, they use their reserve of yolk for the first month or so, before they start to feed. Over-exploitation for human consumption is the main threat to this species although habitat destruction, mostly from the construction of dams, but also water pollution from mining operations has been a serious problem. Although the species is commercially farmed, most in trade are likely taken from the wild. In 2013, Turvey and his colleagues organized a nationwide giant salamander search — apparently the largest wildlife survey ever conducted in China. They spent three years scanning riverbeds and turning over rocks at 97 sites in 16 provinces. They found giant salamanders at just four of the sites. All of the animals had genetic profiles that did not match the places in which they were living, indicating they likely originated on farms. The researchers also interviewed nearly 3,000 local people, about half of whom said they had seen giant salamanders in the wild. But the most recent sightings they could recall took place, on average, 18 years ago. “There could be remnant populations of genuine salamanders scattered here and there, but they are effectively impossible for any researchers to find now,” Turvey said. Most of the animals now are found on farms in China. Giant salamanders released recently into the wild are genetically distinct from those that evolved there, a man-made “species.”<br />
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References<br />
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Liang Gang, Geng Baorong, Zhao Ermi. 2004. <i>Andrias davidianus</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T1272A3375181.<br />
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Nuwer R. 2018. China’s Giant Salamanders Pose a Conservation Conundrum. NYT June 6, 2018.<br />
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Turvey ST, Chen S, Tapley B, Wei G, Xie F, Yan F, Yang J, Liang Z, Tian H, Wu M, Okada S. 2018. Imminent extinction in the wild of the world’s largest amphibian. Current Biology.28(10):R592-4.<br />
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-7721018733658097512018-05-25T08:00:00.002-05:002018-05-25T08:00:26.556-05:00Boldness correlates with the mating success in varanid lizards<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yellow Spotted Monitor (<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;">Varanus panoptes</i><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small; text-align: left;">)</span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14709484"> Photo by Greg Hume </a></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333;">Boldness correlates with the mating success, but not body size or sex, of yellow-spotted monitor lizards roaming the remote Oombulgurri floodplains of tropical Western Australia, ecologists report in the Ecological Society of America's open access journal <em style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box;">Ecosphere</em>. But boldness has a cost: bold individuals expose themselves to a much higher risk of being eaten by predators during the dangerous wet season. The researchers demonstrated quantifiable behavioral syndromes in the large lizards, with an intriguing relationship to the lizards' seasonal hunting strategies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">"Personality is kind of interchangeable with the term behavioral syndrome. Some scientists have a weird thing about saying "personality"; they don't like to think animals have personalities. But they definitely do," said lead author Georgia Ward-Fear, a researcher at the University of Sydney. Boldness, she and her co-authors found, was not conveyed by imposing stature. "There are bold females as well as bold males, and shy females as well as shy males. Some of the biggest individuals we observed were really shy."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">The </span>Yellow Spotted Monitor (<i>Varanus panoptes</i>)<span style="color: #333333;"> affectionately known as goannas, are related to Komodo dragons and share many of their larger cousins' behaviors. Adults can be 1.6 meters long, and some males grow larger. The lizards hunt insects, frogs, and small mammals, and scavenge whatever they can get.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">"This boldness syndrome was not only quantifiable, it correlated with a heap of ecological traits that we were monitoring. We were only able to figure that out because we were radiotracking individuals to assess their home ranges and the characteristics of the habitats that they were choosing to stay in during the two distinct seasons," Ward-Fear said. "It was based on intuition really, to start with, but we couldn't have imagined how many correlations we would pull out based on the behavioral differences within individuals."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">Traditionally, behavioral research is conducted in the lab. Standardized measures that can be repeated easily and reliably are difficult to achieve under field conditions. Ward-Fear's unusual field study of goanna behavioral syndromes emerged spontaneously out of long-term ecological study aimed at goanna conservation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">Ward-Fear and her colleagues grew curious about goanna personality during field experiments designed to teach predatory lizards that poisonous, invasive cane toads (<em style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box;">Rhinella marina</em>) make a poor meal. The large Central and South American toads, introduced to Australia during the 1930s to control agricultural pests, have spread extremely successfully through Oceania, creating havoc in the ecosystems they infiltrate by poisoning native predators that try to eat them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">"Cane toads have caused huge impacts in all the environments that they have invaded. They are still invading across northern Australia," Ward-Fear said. Researchers are hoping to get ahead of the invasion front, teaching native lizards to avoid the poisonous toads.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">With the goal of providing a non-lethal life lesson, the researchers fed the goannas canes toads that were small enough to make them sick without killing them. True toads, like the cane toad, possess potent cardiotoxins. Because Australian has no native toads, Australian reptiles like the yellow spotted monitors have not evolved defenses against the bufotoxins in the toads' skin and glands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">"Boldness is a really interesting part of the story because conditioned taste aversion is a behavioral mechanism. We found that shyness is quite correlated with neophobia, fear of new things. You can imagine very shy individuals are probably less likely to eat novel prey that they meet in the field so they may have more of a resilience to the cane toads naturally. So it was really cool to document this behavior in the context of the cane toad study," said Ward-Fear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">During the cane toad study, the team made 12 visits to Oombulgurri (15°08'34.0"S 127°52'36.0"E) over 3 years. They measured the body length, weight, and health of the goannas, took genetic samples, and fitted the goannas with radio transmitters. While tracking the animals through their complex lives, the team got to know them as individuals, with what seemed like distinct personalities, Ward-Fear said. Consistently brave or shy behavior in approaching strange ecologists, unusual foods, and risky environments, did not seem to be associated with body size or sex. The ecologists were curious.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">"Anyone who works with these animals knows that they are amazing. Monitor lizards are renowned for their intelligence, but there has been no formal study of their cognition. They do come across as intelligent lizards. They are quite sneaky, and inquisitive. They are a bit more like a mammal in that sense. They're fun to work with," Ward-Fear said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">To assess boldness, Ward-Fear and her colleague's designed standard response scales for three behaviors. They assessed the goannas' skittishness in response to the standardized approach of an ecologist.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">"They'll try to take you on if they feel too threatened, or if they're angry, or during the mating season. They stand up on their hind legs and they inflate their throats," Ward-Fear said, but the goannas are also curious. "They watch you from a long distance away, and they can let you get quite close to them."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">A second scale quantified response to handling. Some individuals freeze, while others struggle mightily, whipping their tails, hissing, and inflating their throats in warning. A third scale indicated how the goannas reacted to cane toads, a frog-like potential prey that they had never seen before. Some goannas will go for the strange food immediately, others investigated warily, or would not try cane toads at all. The researchers combined the scores into a single measure of boldness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">Bolder individuals had larger home ranges and higher mating success, but a higher rate of death. Ward-Fear says the patterns of habitat use by bolder goanna surprised her the most.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">"The coolest thing was the space use, habitat use that we saw," she said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">When annual monsoons flood the Oombulgurri, the plains burst to life along the rivers. The verdant river edges are prized goanna hunting areas, rich in food, but the thick plant life also hides dangerous predators. During the wet season, large pythons descend from the steep, rocky escarpment at the edge of the plain to patrol the river edges. The pythons, like dingos, raptors, and humans, are big enough to make a meal of yellow-spotted monitors. The food-rich wet season is also the season of highest risk for goannas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">Shy goannas abandon the high-risk riparian zone during the wet season, Ward-Fear discovered. Bold individuals stay close, managing risk by avoiding dense vegetation where snakes lurk. As a consequence, many bold goannas are eaten during the wet season. Shyer lizards stick to sparser plant cover at all times of the year. During the dry season, when the need for water draws shy goannas back to the rivers, shy individuals experience their highest rate of predation. The different personality types appear to pursue complementary life strategies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">Ward-Fear does not yet know if the behavioral syndromes are inherited. She plans to investigate goanna aggression and adventurousness in future field work at Oombulgurri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><b>Citation</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Georgia Ward-Fear G, Brown GP, Pearson DJ, West A, Rollins LA, Shine R. 2018 The ecological and life history correlates of boldness in free-ranging lizards. </span><i style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ecosphere</i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 9 (3): e02125 DOI: </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2125" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #4c7a9f;">10.1002/ecs2.2125</span></a></div>
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John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3244394520661898405.post-85590444919175993682018-04-09T12:21:00.002-05:002018-04-09T12:21:15.087-05:00An extinct monitor lizard that had pineal and parapineal organs <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 12.8px;">This image depicts a reconstruction of what the </span>extinct</div>
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monitor<span style="font-size: 12.8px;"> lizard might have looked like. The parietal and </span></div>
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pineal <span style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">foramina are visible on the overlaid skull. Photo </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">credit: </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung / </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Andreas Lachmann / Digimorph.org</span></div>
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Researchers reporting in <b>Current Biology</b> on April 2 have evidence that an extinct species of monitor lizard had four eyes, a first among known jawed vertebrates. Today, only the jawless lampreys have four eyes.<br />
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The third and fourth eyes refer to pineal and organs,parapineal eye-like photosensory structures on the top of the head that play key roles in orientation and in circadian and annual cycles. The new findings help to elucidate the evolutionary history of these structures among vertebrates.<br />
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The photosensitive pineal organ is found in a number of lower vertebrates such as fishes and frogs, the researchers explain. It's often referred to as the "third eye" and was widespread in primitive vertebrates.<br />
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"On the one hand, there was this idea that the third eye was simply reduced independently in many different vertebrate groups such as mammals and birds and is retained only in lizards among fully land-dwelling vertebrates," says Krister Smith at the Senckenberg Research Institute in Germany. "On the other hand, there was this idea that the lizard third eye developed from a different organ, called the parapineal, which is well developed in lampreys. These two ideas didn't really cohere.<br />
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"By discovering a four-eyed lizard -- in which both pineal and parapineal organs formed an eye on the top of the head -- we could confirm that the lizard third eye really is different from the third eye of other jawed vertebrates," Smith continues.<br />
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Smith and his colleagues got the idea that the fossilized lizards might have a fourth eye after other experts came to contradictory conclusions about where the lizard's third eye was located.<br />
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Smith said that the first question to explore the "wacky" idea of a lizard with four eyes was, does this unusual feature occur in more than one individual of the same age? They turned to museum specimens collected nearly 150 years ago at Grizzly Buttes as part of the Yale College Expedition to the Bridger Basin, Wyoming. And, it turned out that the answer to their question was yes. CT scans showed that two different individuals had spaces where a fourth eye would have been, which, Smith says, "I certainly did not expect!"<br />
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Their evidence confirms that the pineal and parapineal glands weren't a pair of organs in the way that vertebrate eyes are. They also suggest that the third eye of lizards evolved independently of the third eye in other vertebrate groups.<br />
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Smith says that while there's "nothing mystical" about the pineal and parapineal organs, they do enable extraordinary abilities. For instance, they allow some lower vertebrates to sense the polarization of light and use that information to orient themselves geographically.<br />
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Scientists still have a lot to learn about the evolution of these organs and their functions in living animals, the researchers say. The new findings are a reminder of the hidden value within fossils left lying around in museums for more than a century.<br />
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"The fossils that we studied were collected in 1871, and they are quite scrappy -- really banged up," Smith says. "One would be forgiven for looking at them and thinking that they must be useless. Our work shows that even small, fragmentary fossils can be enormously useful."<br />
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Citation<br />
Krister T. Smith, Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar, Gunther Köhler, Jörg Habersetzer. The Only Known Jawed Vertebrate with Four Eyes and the Bauplan of the Pineal Complex. <b>Current Biology</b>, 2018; 28 (7): 1101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.021</div>
John C. Murphyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06024060563494957012noreply@blogger.com0